Documents found
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51.More information
The practice of metal detection has developed considerably over the past forty years. Taking into account the risk that it posed to the archaeological heritage, public authorities, following international recommendations, have put implemented legislation to try to reduce its impact. Some nations such as England and Wales, and recently Belgium, nevertheless consider users of metal detectors more as research assistants than as a real risk to the archaeological heritage and encourage them to report their findings to the competent authorities. In addition, discoverers of exceptional objects can be rewarded financially. In France, where legislation requires administrative authorization to use a metal detector, declaratory systems are models for the detector user community who have dreamed of “active collaboration” between themselves and archaeologists. Some scientists, arguing that illegal detection is a reality that cannot be combated, nevertheless choose to record and study the discoveries of clandestine users of metal detectors, seeing in this the possibility of “saving what can be saved”. However, various examples from current events and the media show that, far from its original purpose, this practice provides a scientific validation for the detection of metals and a market value for the objects discovered, thus creating a demand for the looting of heritage sites.
Keywords: Archéologie, Détection, Législation, Pillage, France, Angleterre, Flandres, archaeology, detection, legislation, looting, France, England, Flanders
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52.More information
This article focuses on the issue of space sharing between different types of inhabitants present simultaneously in cities subject to heritage-making and tourism development. While it is mostly relations between hosts (inhabitants) and guests (tourists) considered as two opposing groups that are discussed, we wish here to apprehend space sharing in a tourist city based on a double capitalistic input. Following a research carried out in the small town of Sarlat (Dordogne, France) and drawing upon semi-structured interviews, two types of capitals appeared crucial for understanding the acceptability of space sharing. The relationships that these inhabitants (temporary or permanent) maintain with others as well as places, if they are intimately linked to their current space-time (within and outside their everyday context), cannot be understood only based on these. The social and cultural capital—in a “Bourdieusian” perspective—and the « indigenousness capital », through the question of attachment to places, allow us to go beyond the binary categorization hosts-guests.
Keywords: coprésence, partage de l'espace, petite ville, tourisme, patrimoine, Sarlat, copresence, space sharing, small city, tourism, heritage, Sarlat
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53.More information
The article present the results of two research projects on the factors playing a role in the process by which agglomerations attempt or not to integrated energy in their policies at the territorial level. We draw mostly from our empirical data, from both a survey and semi directive interviews. We analyzed the importance of different factors in that process so as to identify that play a role from those that do not. After a presentation of the general context in the first section, we present the study and the results from the questionnaire. The third section then presents our findings from our semi directive interviews, offering a comparison with foreign cases in Great Britain, Germany, and Austria.
Keywords: énergie, échelle territoriale, facteurs d'appropriation, energy, territorial scale, factors of appropriation
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54.More information
Acculturation in France of the American concept of urban sprawl was a long-drawn-out and shaky process which so demonized the term, and the related concept of suburbanization, that it became a tool for fearmongering against any alternative approaches running counter to conventional centralized views of what constituted true sustainable urban development. This guilt-by-association argument tends generally to fly in the face of the long history of human settlement and the genesis of the urban fabric, both of which have led to the development of characteristics that call for a more nuanced approach. We first explain the process and reasons for the development of this unwarranted connotation, then use the particular case of Brittany to illustrate our argument that the effect of the perversion of the concept of urban sprawl has led to a largely unjustified stigmatization of the “invisible cities” which have come to characterize this region.
Keywords: Aménités, territoire, Bretagne, bourg, étalement urbain, longue durée, périurbanisation, villes invisibles, Amenities, territory, Brittany, towns and villages, urban sprawl, long-term features, suburbanization, invisible cities, Amabilidades, territorio, Bretaña, villa, expansión urbana, largo plazo, peri urbanización, ciudades invisibles
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55.More information
On January 15, 1790, the French National Assembly decreed that the old provinces were to be carved up into 85 departements. But the new districts were soon to be criticized both by those who contested any idea of uniformity and those who claimed the new set up was irrational. There were heated arguments in 1851 about a new division, the region, which is still a hot issue. The word came from geography, then geographers became involved. To define the boundaries of new districts and to make sure these corresponded to permanent features of landscape, several elements were selected, among them rural housing. Geographers had to face the folk arts experts and architects. According to the evolution of architecture, geography, folk studies, the approach to the issue varied from purely scientifk to ideological, but it was never quite proved that housing could help define both an area and its people.
Keywords: Architecture, Bretagne, département, déterminisme, folklore, France, géographie, maison, rationalité, région, tradition, Architecture, Brittany, département, environmentalism, folk, France, geography, housing, rationalism, région, tradition
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56.More information
The application of the European directives concerning insurance to French mutual health-insurance companies is about to happen in the form of government regulations. As the case of the numerous local mutual health-insurance companies in the Vendée shows, this will cause greater concentration of administrative and financial activities. Whatever the outcome, mutualist leaders are determined to maintain and expand both their community operations and their network of primarily volunteer social projects. Updated by the author, this article comes from the paper “Mutual Health-Insurance Companies and European Legislation: The Case of the Mutual Health-Insurance Companies in the Vendée,” which was presented at the 15th Addes conference on 7 March 2000.
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59.More information
Keywords: tourisme, sports, loisirs, aménagement