Documents found
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121.More information
SummaryTo better tackle the question of local organization of work in scientific research in the social sciences, a poorly explored research field, the author reviews what has been attained in bordering fields of research: the sociology of work, the sociology of professions, the sociology of organizations, and the sociology of science. The sociology of professions proposes three theoretical models relating to the evolution of professional work: the irreversible proletarianization of professionals, the development of a new mode of management of manpower specific to professionals, and the bipolarization of class membership of professionals. First, two problems which have come to light through the analysis of theses on the proletarianization of professional work are presented: the challenge to "capitalist determinism" posed by the observation that professional forms of work organization have continued within the capitalist mode of production, and the hasty generalizations which do not take into consideration the heterogeneity of work environments. These two problems are important since sociologists of scientific organizations maintain close relations with the sociology of professions. Secondly, the author demonstrates how the analysis of the literature contributes to understanding the transformations which have taken place in the organization of research work.
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122.More information
AbstractThe aim of this text is to clarify the different meanings of the word «field», to analyse its use and to show the traps set by poorly controlled social proximity. At first glance, the field reveals itself only in its materiality. It appears as a place of practice for ethnologists, a place to experience and to live. But the field is not an absolute entity: it depends on the person grasping it, on his or her culture and history. As soon as it is seen, it is already constructed, determined and theorized. Moreover, this article shows how field work, local investments and local democracy are linked in France. In today's world, problems areas, which were once symbolic places of public action in favor of the excluded, seem to have become the place of an institutional approach using the territory as a point of reference. Moving from field to territory reflects a transition from the management of problem areas to the control of the processes that use the exclusion of some people to increase the standing of others.
Keywords: terrain, proximité, quartier sensible, action sociale, démocratie locale, ethnologie, histoire des sciences sociales, France, field, proximity, problem areas, social action, local democracy, ethnology, history of social science, France
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123.More information
This paper surveys the role of the key governmental institutions in the making of energy policy in France. It shows that in spite of fairly extensive debate of the issues in both chambers of the French National Assembly since the mid-1970s, members of parliament have so far failed to make a significant impact on decision-making in the field of energy. Part of this is due to the strength of the Cabinet's influence over the National Assembly, and to its constitutional position as policy-maker. Moreover, in spite of a vast array of departmental branches and associated agencies directly under ministerial authority, the government's power may have been more formal than real. Much of the actual decision-making is made by experts employed by the large State or privately-owned corporations. This extensive network of closely connected energy-producing corporations appears to have been, and to remain, the real seat of power, in spite of recurrent hopes for, and attempts at, democratization.
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124.More information
The situations of illiteracy in companies question the capacity of managers and HR services to lead effective devices of management of the immaterial capital. The Conservation Of Ressources theory (Gorgievsky and Hobfoll, 2008) is used as a framework to understand better the gains and losses of immaterial capital such as knowledge, competences, coping capabilities and propensity to accept the change. For the authors, the individuals who miss resources are not inclined to risk them what slows down the acquisition of resources. Part of the human capital of the company is impoverished. Our results explain the reasons of a vicious circle, and reveal the resources to be mobilized to break this spiral of failure.
Keywords: capital immatériel, capital humain, gain, illettrisme, perte, préservation des ressources, stratégies défensives, immaterial capital, human capital, illiteracy, gain, loss, Conservation Of Resources Theory, defensive strategies, capital inmaterial, capital humano, ganancia, analfabetismo funcional, pérdida, conservación de los recursos, estrategias defensivas
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125.More information
The belief in a special relation of tiny enterprises towards innovation has to be qualified. Judging by the traditional innovation indicators, their situation is no exception.As regards the defining characteristics of the tiny enterprise, statistics provide reliable information on many aspects of the causes of innovation. On other aspects though, particularly networks, some questions remain unanswered, and a few statements need qualifying.
Keywords: Innovation, TPE, Savoir-faire, Réseau, Recherche-développement
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126.More information
This article analyzes the conditions for change and the viability of French mutual societies from the health insurance sector in an EU organization for supplementary social welfare protection. In an increasingly competitive environment, social economy organizations, which include mutual societies, have been finding themselves in an uncomfortable position. They have to assert themselves, and sometimes re-structure themselves, in order to preserve their solidarity values. After placing the French specificities within the context of the mutualist movement in Europe, the author presents the stages for constructing a single European insurance market and the reasons for mutual societies coming under EU directives. The transposition of the directives should lead France to revise its Mutual Code. After their incorporation in a market subject to European regulations on competition, mutual societies will have to make profound changes. The French mutualist movement is facing new challenges, and the measures taken to support it, on both the national and the European level, will be decisive.
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127.More information
AbstractTo understand the present state of development of sectional policies in the field of computerization of public administration requires a review of the social projects which form the basis of their development and application. A critical analysis of two official reports (S. Nora/A. Mine. P. Lemoine) concerning the concept of power and change conveyed in dealing with their respective problematic reveals a considerable difference in their paradigmatic direction and, therefore, in the strategy to adopt in managing technological change. This analysis tends to show that the most serious consequences of the computerization of society do not stem from computerization itself, but from social projects aimed at it and from the notion of reality underlying them.
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128.More information
Through the comparison of two exercises led by the authors, this paper offers an exploration of the tradeoffs between expertise and creativity that are inherent to the creation of forward-looking scenarios. Both geographical objects whose futures are considered in our cases are located in southwestern France. These two objects present contrasted features: the forest area of the Landes of Gascony and the Garonne river and its estuary. Considering the interlinkages between the construction of these objects and the foresight process, we highlight and discuss three key dimensions in the potential reshuffling of the relationships between expert and creative perspectives: the boundaries of the object, the use of modeling and the role of mapping.
Keywords: Prospective, scénarios exploratoires, modélisation, critique, objets géographiques, Foresight, exploratory scenarios, modeling, critical approach, geographical objects, Prospección, escenarios exploratorios, modelización, crítica, objetos geográficos
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129.More information
This study focuses on several freelance journalists' collective in France as revealing common dynamics of atypical and rather individualized professional activities. We built a typology of entrepreneurial motivations in these coworking spaces. This model shows the internal, external, individual and collective modes of organization. More broadly, our article questions the entrepreneurial motivations to the prism of key resources (Penrose, 1959) mobilized by the freelance journalists'communities. It highlights the challenges of building specific job communities (Chanal, 2000) and the impact of this construction on the recognition of professional dynamics.
Keywords: Collectif de pigistes, communautés de métier, démarche entrepreneuriale, espace de travail partagé, ressources clés, Freelance journalists' collective, job communities, entrepreneurial motivations, coworking spaces, key resources, Colectivos de periodistas independientes, comunidades laborales, motivaciones empresariales, espacios de coworking, recursos clave
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130.More information
In order to fully understand the various arguments concerning the role and the future of alternative action, and in particular in relationship to the State, it is necessary to have some idea of the diversity involved in this phenomenon of collective social creation taking place on the frontiers of western industrial societies. Today's alternative movements draw upon a long and rich history of experimentation in an immense variety of areas. In the final analysis, it would appear that alternative action is neither necessarily a mechanism of social integration nor necessarily a source of social innovation. It is not necessarily innovative nor is it necessarily a transitory phenomenon. If the "convivial" orientation continues to grow, in large part due to new youth and pacifist movements and if, as André Gorz suggests, the trend towards a more voluntary personal commitment continues, then perhaps a clearer image of alternative action will come into focus.