Documents found
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131.More information
This paper deals with the potential of autonomous public vehicles with an electric power system for alpine tourism destinations. The dilemma of those regions is that they have a high demand for mobility, which is at the same time a risk for their most important assets, such as pure air and tranquillity. This study investigates the opportunities and challenges of public electric autonomous vehicles and focuses on the elements that could hinder a tourism destination from adopting this technology, based on expert interviews. Moreover, it evaluates opinions and concerns of future users of those vehicles. The findings show that public electric autonomous vehicles seem to be a valid solution for alpine tourism destinations that aim to be more sustainable and better aligned with the needs of their tourists. However, those vehicles must be managed in a smart way to avoid an increase in traffic. Technologically, they still need to be improved and be adapted to a challenging alpine environment.
Keywords: sustainable mobility, public autonomous vehicles, alpine tourism destinations, mobilité durable, véhicules autonomes publics, destinations touristiques alpines
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132.More information
From the paradox according to which the crafts, “first company of France”, constitute an important object of observation relatively badly known and little investigated, this article suggests becoming attached to the nature of each of the companies which compose this institutional group. The purpose is then to contribute to a better comprehensibility of the craft TPE, as shape of specific organization, notably in terms of functioning and piloting.By taking support, for the case of the craft TPE, on the transposition of the identity approach, initially dedicated in big organization, an abstract representation of the identity's system of the craft company is proposed under the shape of a particular identity system.This representation is then validated by an empirical study realized with a sample of 346 craftsmen. The results notably lead to accentuate two rival identity's configurations : that of the craftsman and that of the entrepreneur.
Keywords: Artisanat, Entreprise artisanale, Identité, Métier, Système identitaire, Configurations empiriques
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133.More information
The transfer to industry of scientific discoveries made in universities has always existed probably. This transfer was slow at the time when universities evolved in the long time, with teaching and research being done by a few scholars, un-programmed, without any clear separation between the various sciences. In the 19th century, notably with Humboldt's reform in Germany, links between uni-versities and industry became more tenuous with the development of disciplinary programs, under the direction of a specialized teaching and research staff, and evolving in the short time. In the last decades however, increasing competition with private teaching and research institutes, and the need for complex networking have lead universities to broaden its relationships with society, be it in the economic and administrative sciences, in the arts, notably through action-research. This type of research has been done for the last ten years within the context of the Bombardier network composed of a large pivot-firm and with more than thirty of its subcontrac-tors. The actionability of this research has been demonstrated by increases in the large firm's competitiveness and by SMEs evolving from capacity to specialty and even intelligence subcontracting, but also by allowing researchers to greatly refine many concepts in industrial organization. This was not obtained easily however, requiring important changes on the part of the participating firms and university research teams to arrive at an elongated time that facilitates the actionability of research and attributes a new role to universities in the knowledge economy.
Keywords: Actionnabilité, Entreprise-réseau, Confiance, Concurrence-coopération, Dépendance mutuelle, Comportement de légitimité et de pouvoir, Nouveau rôle de l'université
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134.More information
In showing that the export trade is becoming one of the priorities for small and medium sized food firms, the purpose of this article is to analyse the behaviour of these firms in the face of their special needs.Indeed, when these firms plan to export using external consultants or other agents (tradesmen, intermediary organisations...) they sometimes set in particularly interesting procedures and can give some lessons about conditions of exportation. When these small and medium sized firms export, the different agents concerned gradually build up a relationship and this system enables
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136.More information
The centralization of management, an intuitive or unformalized strategy, as well as the absence or quasi-absence of tools to deal with the complexity of situations are as many specificities which legitimate cognitive approaches of strategy in SME. In this way, works on small businesses have already been significant, essentially from the cognitive mapping angle. Indeed, if cognitive approaches allowed signifi-cant projections in the understanding of decision-making processes in SME, limits which are generally underlined touch essentially processes implying more than one individual (generally, the leader of SME). Consequently, we think that studies in prospective, which have been far from interested in the field of SME until now, bring a significant lighting to these limits.This is why our questioning deals with the contributions of a tool of prospective, the strategic structural analysis, with cognitive approaches of strategy in SME. We will start by confronting the themes of prospective and SME, which will enable us to specify the epistemological positioning of our work. Then, we will present the broad outline of the strategic structural analysis, as well as SME within which this approach has been performed. The main results will be then presented. Contributions of prospective to cognitive approaches of strategy in SME will finally be outlined, as well as the limits of our contribution.
Keywords: PME, Prospective, Cognition, Analyse structurelle, Approche systémique
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137.More information
Japanese big enterprises, less integrated, use to sub-contract a large part of production to smaller enterprises, with whom close relations are established since a long time. The usual image of Japanese industrial structure is that of a pyramid ; it means, an organizational form of supplying networks in terms of vertical hierarchy. At the top of each pyramid is there a very big enterprise, behaving on the international scene, while the bottom is composed of numerous small and medium sized firms or home workers. The intermediate levels between these two extremes are made of increasing dependant smaller enterprises.Belonging to a « group », strong dépendance, but also know-how transfer and assistance are typical features of the Japanese system.The growing commercial tensions with occidental countries, especially with the United States, and above all the explosion of the yen in 1985, are responsible for the acceleration of Japanese enterprises internationalization. This in turn cannot stay, at least for the long term, without effects on Japanese subcontractors in Japan.After describing the Japanese sub-contracting system, the article lays the emphasis on the actual strategic evolutions: the delocalisation in foreign countries and the importation of pieces and components from foreign countries by big Japanese manufacturers in Japan. The tomorrow manufacturers/suppliers relations will then be outlined on the base of these evolutions.
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138.More information
The current governance of bodies of water within French territory by "water masses" and "watersheds" is the result of a rich history, both scientific and regulatory. However, it proves unsatisfactory in its failure either to take into account limnological diversity or to integrate the lentic question within a codified approach which is preferentially and partially potamological. Hence, the question arises of the relevance of the spatial perimeters used. A geographical, geosystemical, then regional approach based around ‘water territories' has allowed research and mentalities to develop, but the multiplicity of territories generated constitutes a brake against the questioning of the power of hydraulic engineers. And yet, by fully integrating systemic approaches and those of the social sciences, it is possible to consider malleable forms of regionalization according to the criteria and periods and more appropriate to the objectives of "good water status" which have been set at the European level. The widening of limnological science to cover man-made lakes, ponds and other wetlands (instead of the only referring to lakes) opens new perspectives in the broader context of the role of water within the climatic fluctuations. Thereby gaining a broader understanding of the morphological and spatial diversity of the lentic corpus, it becomes possible to observe both systemic and spatial discontinuities and hence to discuss their origins or palimpsest character. The territorialization of these human-environment-body of water relationships thus produces a new concept, the limnic territory, which aims at being operational.
Keywords: cours d'eau, DCE-2000, gouvernance, hydrosystème, limnorégion, limnosystème, masses d'eau, plans d'eau, territoires de l'eau, territoires limniques, Governance, hydrosystem, rivers, limnic territories, limnoregion, limnosystem, waterbodies, WFD-2000, water masses, water territories
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139.
Évaluation du risque sanitaire de sols pollués méditerranéens : choix de variables et spatialisation
More informationThe concept of health risk needs to be compared with the notions of hazard, vulnerability, capacity and danger so as to consider it in an integrative way and choose appropriate variables for its spatialization. In this multidisciplinary reflection, we particularly questioned "how to integrate the physical sensitivity of the population when considering soil pollution in order to locate the most vulnerable areas in a context of health risk ? ". The Marseilleveyre massif located south of Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône) is adequate object of study for both semantic and spatial enforcements. Highly contrasted in its issues, this territory is at the same time included in the core area of the Calanques National Park (PNCal) and remains affected by a diffuse soil pollution resulting from past industrial activities located on the coast. This core area of the PNCal is however inhabited in its periphery and welcomes many users. A model of generalization of the methodology developed in this case study is then proposed in order to perform this production and this mode of visualization of the information which could constitute a precious base of aid to the consultation.
Keywords: modèle, sensibilité physique, méthode de visualisation, territoire protégé et pollué, métaux et métalloïdes, parc national des Calanques, model, physical sensitivity, visualization method, polluted protected area, metals and metalloids, Calanques national park
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140.More information
ABSTRACTThis paper is concerned with the recent developments of macroeconomic intertemporal general equilibrium models with imperfect competition and variable markups at the business cycle frequency. We first present some empirical puzzles that can be explained by models with cyclical markups, and how these models raise some new questions about the introduction of materials, the returns to scale and the measure of the Solow residual. We then present the different models that can account for cyclical markups, and give some piece of evidence of their empirical relevance in the business cycle.