Documents found
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151.More information
The article situates official French policy during the crisis in the general framework of its international relations. It was somewhat surprising to see a country close to Iraq join the coalition. The first part is a reminder that France was, after the United States, the most zealous of the coalition members, and that its stated objectives did not correspond to its real aims. The second part takes stock of Franco-Iraqi relations in order to assess their state in August 1990. Business dwindled after the 1970s and stagnation set in as a result of the war against Iran and the downturn in oil prices. On the eve of the crisis, relations were at a standstill while accords to settle arrears in payments went into effect. The third part puts Franco-Iraqi relations in the context of the general reorientation of the French economy. At the time of the Gulf crisis, France was turning the page on the era of megaprojects in developing countries and integrating more thoroughly in the developed economies. The article concludes that French policy during the crisis, a short-term political event, was in accord with economic changes occurring over the intermediate term, without being their direct consequence.
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153.More information
Quality is presented here as an ideal we strive to attain, without being able to do so. The major problem encountered by those who wish to measure it lies in the fact that, most often, their reference is a universal, overall, vague and ill-defined quality. The problem can also be explained by the difficulty in determining valid criteria that can be used to evaluate quality. The authors present here a holistic model within which global quality is broken down into nine specific components. In this model, it is assumed that these nine qualities apply to all organizations, programs, services and actions. They are defined in an operational and mutually exclusive manner in order to be more easily measurable. The prime objective of this model is to serve as a guide in determining the criteria for quality, but also, as a point of reférence in measuring quality and evaluating it.
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154.More information
The initiatives on sustainable development taken by territorial public authorities are characterized by an emerging institutionalization process, which makes assessment practices necessary. To understand the impact of such practices on sustainable development public policies, this article relies on new institutional theory. Its empirical section focuses on a multi-level study of the discourses of territorial public actors involved in the assessment of sustainable actions. The results show the delicate appropriation of the sustainable development principles by public actors. The assessment becomes a tool to legitimize and structure sustainable actions, defined from a common norm. Renewed modes of governance as well as organizational learning effects thus emerge.
Keywords: pratiques évaluatives, théorie néo-institutionnelle, politiques publiques, développement durable, territoire, assesment practices, new institutional theory, public policy, sustainable development, territory, practicas evaluativas, teoria neoinstitucionalista, politicas publicas, desarrollo sostenible, territorio
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155.More information
How has the status and practice of collective bargaining evolved since the end of the 1970s? What changes are noticeable in the behaviour of actors? The six countries included in this study – Germany, Spain, France, Great Britain, Italy, Sweden – have original industrial relations systems. Economic and social disruption is driving changes, at the same time that Europe is under construction. The difficulties arising from the prolonged economic crisis neither deconstructs these systems, nor eliminates their diversity. The actors are adaptable and play on a historically based social acceptance to maintain their influence. They invest in new areas and new spaces for exchange (European Works Councils, social pacts). Indeed, in an apparently rational and effective response to the crisis, collective bargaining sees its status somewhat enhanced and its remit intensified – in the Continental European countries. Great Britain is the exception; the head-on challenge to the collective bargaining system and union power is in contrast to the common trend in the other countries.Progressively, collective bargaining is regarded as being at the core of industrial relations; collective actors identify with their role as negotiators. The dissolution of old alliances between unions and parties has started a movement which is little discussed; the depoliticization of the union project and a recentring within the industrial relations space. With the 21st century, contradictions emerge. The actors, both employer and union, lose their power of representation and integrative capacity. Negotiating systems lose their effectiveness; states bypass them as well as their actors in order to bring about social changes. More than a system crisis, we are dealing with a crisis of actors. For the unions, it raises the question of revitalizing their ties with their members, through such means as building new alliances.
Keywords: négociations collectives, syndicats, Europe, stratégie syndicale, pactes sociaux, collective bargaining, unions, Europe, union strategy, social pacts, negociación colectiva, sindicatos, Europa, estrategia sindical, pactos sociales
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156.More information
This article aims at appraising the relationships between environmental risks, their perception by the actors and the measurements which are really taken faced with these risks. It questions environmental risk therefore under the angle of its measure, definition and perception. It confronts then the answers proposed by the actors with theories and practices of collective action. To analyse more in details the relationships between environmental risk and collective action, we first come back on the ambiguities raised by the notion of environmental risk to better understand the problems at stake. This better understanding allows us to focus on the theme of collective action, which reappears again and again when studying environmental risk management. We propose a methodology for studying collective action, which focuses on the role of public policy in the mechanisms of environmental risk prevention and management. Finally, we present our analysis of the public action with respect to this risk over the last several years, concentrating on the erosion risks along the Opal Coast (France).
Keywords: risque environnemental, incertitude, action collective, action publique, politique publique, érosion, Côte d'Opale, France, environmental risk, uncertainty, collective action, public action, public policy, erosion risk, Opale Coast, France
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157.More information
AbstractBy describing the genesis of the European approach towards life-long further education and training (EFTLV), this text reveals it is the complex and evolving result of various socio-political conceptions. Through institutionalized benchmarking it highlights the confrontation of national systems whose objectives and regulations deeply differ. In order to show this intra-European diversity, we propose an analysis of the public authority regimes in life-long further education and training. By categorizing five regimes — academic, corporatist, universalist, marketing and public-private partnerships —, this analysis gives a dynamic reading of the societal positioning of five national systems (Denmark, France, Germany, United Kingdom and Sweden).
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158.More information
This research aims to question the evaluative approaches in their ability to promote democratic management of territorial projects. Two main conditions of such management can be identified. It pursues democratizing purposes and ensures at the same time, democratic processes of decision-making and governance (1). Faced with the need to develop methods to support the implementation of territorial projects, the strategic evaluation appears as a relevant approach. Its four key characteristics: a temporality “along the way”, a pluralist and participatory governance, an action research posture and an original mixed methodological protocol, promote indeed the democratic roots of such projects (2).
Keywords: Évaluation stratégique, gestion démocratique, pluralisme, participation, recherche-action, Strategic Evaluation, Democratic Management, Pluralism, Participation, Action-Research, Evaluación estratégica, Gestión democrática, Pluralismo, Participación, Búsqueda-acción
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160.More information
The 2014 Finance Bill (FDP 2014) introduced a carbon component into the Internal Tax on Consumption of Energy Products (TICPE) – also known as the climate energy contribution or carbon tax. The inclusion of this measure in the 2014 FDP is the responsibility of the government, which formally relies on the work of a Committee for Ecological Taxation (CFE), which we examined in order to understand under what conditions the introduction of the carbon base in TICPE was developed. On this empirical basis (numerous writings by the CFE and interviews with members of the committee), the purpose of this article is to highlight an interdependence between taxation and energy policy that the outcome of this work shows, reflected in the vote on the TICPE reform. Our analysis highlights how CFE members have had to deal with the rules and formats imposed by taxation. These tax rules are reflected in the choice to go through TICPE, which responds to a double injunction : on the one hand, the efficiency injunction – a tax is above all a revenue ; and on the other hand, the injunction not to create a new tax. The choice to reform TICPE has several characteristics that have a public policy meaning. The mobilisation of a tax instrument has led to the use of tax switching arguments – a tax transition. At the same time, focusing on fossil fuel consumption by introducing the consideration of CO2 emissions (including fuels) has led to exchanges on the search for energy efficiency – an energy transition. Of course, reality does not choose but, on the contrary, mixes the two orientations, making them interdependent.
Keywords: fiscalité écologique, composante carbone, rapprochement diesel essence, TICPE, politique énergétique, politique climatique, politique de transition, ecological taxation, carbon tax, diesel/gasoline tax differentials, TICPE, energy policy, climate policy, transition policy