Documents found
-
61.More information
Within the framework of the European Economic Community there is a fundamental economic imbalance between the Rhine basin and the Mediterranean regions ; the latter, less densely occupied and less developed, seek to bridge a gap which is bound to widen increasingly with the elimination of tariff barriers between the six member States of the E.E.C.The port complex and metropolitan region of Marseilles are especially well located in this respect, at the southern end of the great North Sea - to - Mediterranean inland waterway axis. The improvement of the latter for use by 1 350-ton river craft (this being known as the « European draft »), under construction or planned, falls within this perspective. Such a deep-draft waterway, followed by an expressway, an electrified trunk rail-way, and an oil pipeline, would allow the Marseilles port region and its tributary facilities to become « the Europort of the South ». In fact, for the past few years, an entire industrial complex has been established in the wake of the construction of the large petroleum refineries around the Etang de Berre, and the extension of these harbour and industrial facilities into the Gulf of Fos will permit the unloading of large ore and coal carriers and the beginnings of a coastal steel industry. Far more than the prospect of an enlarged European hinterland, it is the loss of part of Marseilles's traditional traffic, between 1958 and 1962, i.e. the colonial traffic, which has allowed the region to develop its petrochemical and industrial functions.
-
63.More information
The decentralization appears in France in the words of those that have decided and implement it as a rescue operation of the closeness solidarities that thirty years of hyper-centralism under the Fifth Republic had destroyed. In order to avoid a break-up—or perhaps the death—of the social, the political sphere "got all worked up" so as to reintroduce some stakes in a social that had become too functional. We are thus compelled to notice that this partial answer to the crisis of the social bears within itself the seeds of this crisis and it implies its reproduction. Thus stated, the break-up of the social and the different crises that are at its origin—crisis of the state, crisis of the knowledge—appear as absolute necessities for a new mode of production of the "social" based on negotiation and the "market."
-
65.More information
This research aims to approach the strategies of entry and exit of an economic sector by observing the theoretical and practical trajectories followed by the various groups composing the craft industry. After modelling the sector of trades and its populations, it is a question of proposing an exploratory step in order to understand the trajectories of the craftsmen and thus their behaviour. From this qualitative methodological point of view, we interviewed a corpus of 24 craft companies. The analysis of data reveals an empirical validation of our conceptual framework in the form of a typology, of which each “ideal-type” (traditional craftsman of succession, traditional craftsman of social advancement, installation craftsman in entrepreneurial logic and installation craftsman in logic of social integration) put forward the history of their trajectory such as they tell it, an interpretation and a modelling of their career passed, present and future. The professional trajectories illustrate the strategies of the craftsmen perfectly. It appears in particular a pre-eminence of the reactive strategies during the creation or of the buyout of the company, crucial phase for a change of sector or statute.
Keywords: Artisanat traditionnel, Artisanat d'installation, Trajectoire professionnelle, Classification, Stragégie
-
66.More information
The urban phenomenon is one of the most striking features of contemporary civilisation and, as such, should merit a priority status in human geography. With this in mind the author undertook a survey of the various French institutes of geography in order to determine the place of urban geography in the curriculum and in research. Professors active in government-sponsored urbanism and town planning studies were also interviewed. The results of this survey are analysed and discussed in this article.
-
67.More information
This paper presents the results of a large survey on the association of services to French products in foreign markets. ‘Tertiarization” seems to be a very real trend among all exporting firms, including SMFs. Even if it concerns less than one third of these firms, it seems to endow them with additional dynamism in the foreign markets. The mainspring of this tertiarization is the complexity of the product which concerns sectors to differing degrees. The level of organization and the type of export are also relevant. Two prevailing logics of product services have been identified: the technical environment of the product and its logistic environment. The former is closely related to the complexity of products (capital goods) while the latter primarily concerns the other sectors. French exporting SMFs seem reluctant to develop subsidiaries abroad. Most of them deliver services directly by themselves or by subcontracting local agents. For most SMFs “tertiarization” of exports is above all a cost, but some firms obtain new incomes from tertiary activity: when service offer is conceived from the beginning, as a branching out into the tertiary sector or when the tertiary environment of the product becomes more complete.
Keywords: Stratégie, International, Marketing, Service associé, Couple produit-service, Exportation, PME
-
68.More information
The purpose of the paper is to describe the small and medium sized firms' (SME) sources of technological innovation. To this end we use a “SESSI ” regionalized database (1990). Results are presented of an empirical study of the Rhône-Alpes region covering a sample of 2 714 innovatives firms. The findings indicate that SMEs' strategies of technological resources acquisition are different from those of big enterprises. But a sectoral analysis of small and medium sized firms shows that there are three kinds of technology-oriented external relationships.
-
69.More information
The objective of this transversal study is to analyze school stress at junior high school and high school based on class and gender. Are the classes called the “passage” classes (grade 6 and 10) more stressful than the “evaluation” classes (grade 9, 11 and 12)? Are girls, who are supposedly more emotional than boys, more stressed at each level of study? A population of 1,130 students (704 girls and 426 boys), from grade 6 (10 to 11 years old) to grade 12 (18 to 20 years old), answered a socio-cultural questionnaire and a short version of the Toulouse Coping Rating Scale. The results show that one student in three is very stressed by junior high school or high school and that the degree of stress is higher from grades 6 to 12. Girls are more stressed than boys regardless of the class and they have a much higher level of stress than boys in relation to the school situation. Complementary studies on the ramifications of such an observation should lead to the adoption of appropriate measures aiming to prevent school stress and improve the well-being of all students at school.
-
70.More information
Biodiversity offsets consist for developers in repaying a debt created by the impacts of their projects, after having avoided and reduced them as much as possible. Nevertheless, the actual implementation of these offsets is subject to uncertainty regarding their effectiveness and offsets have become an object of controversies. The study of the several stages constituting a controversy on offsets for a protected bird species shows that scientific and technical uncertainties around the ways to offset impacts are completed by another driving force for controversy, a strategic level where social actors defend their own interests. Taking into account these two drivers for controversy, it is possible to reconsider the role of expertise, called in to “objectify” that controversy. We showed that the expertise was not a contribution for building valid biodiversity offsets but had above all the role of helping the state to solve a dispute between the developer and the wildlife associations, a step necessary to allow the pursuit of the project.
Keywords: biodiversité, compensations, controverse, expertise, études d'impact environnemental, infrastructures de transport, biodiversity, offsets, controversy, expertise, environmental impact assessment, transport infrastructure