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During the second half of the seventeenth century, the imagination underpinning the exploration of the North American continent remained haunted by the rumours of marvels that had been circulating in Europe since the time of Marco Polo. As well, the Spanish abuses of the preceding century in South America and Mexico hinted at, and fuelled hopes of, fabulous riches that could be had beyond the Laurentian basin once the passage to them was discovered. But little by little, such hopes were dashed thanks to more accurate maps of roads from the north and south. There remained the road from the west: documents surrounding the exploration of the Mississippi basin, Hennepin's accounts in particular, revealed that in the late seventeenth century, the idea of passage gave way to that of empire. Tenacious, the desire for wealth and power would finally take root in American soil. Not in vain did La Salle pursue his dream of China: in the end, an empire would rise from his very explorations!
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Keywords: net art.
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This paper begins by recalling the step-by-step reintegration of the PRC into international organizations from 1971 onwards and evokes driving forces behind China's participation in the UNO and its subsidiary organizations. It then raises three perspectives regarding the evolution of relations between China and international organizations : intensification of participation in the UNO, the expanding of Chinese participation in organizations and areas in which China had until then been less present, and the specific importance given to economic, scientific and technological organizations.
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This article proposes to study discourses on the risk of the presence in Spain of a baptized population living like Muslims – the Moriscos. Debates about the conversion of Moriscos, followed by their expulsion, tried to evaluate the danger they could represent. A spiritual danger for those who have the responsibility of taking care of souls, a danger of divine punishment for their presence, a danger they could make an alliance with the enemies of Spain. On the contrary, those who opposed the expulsion of Moriscos said there was a risk of God's wrath for not believing in their future conversion, or that it could damage the Spanish economy. The text of the expulsion of Moriscos, decreed in 1609 by King Philip III, summarizes the different aspects of the debate.