Documents found
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811.More information
This article underlines the contribution of the Francophonie towards the dismantlement of the French Canadian national project between the 1950s and the 1980s. The author recognizes that the French Canadian continental project was progressively eroded by the slowing of migrations outside Quebec, the increasing interventions of the State, Quebec neonationalism, and the renewal of federalism, but also suggests that the emerging Francophonie project, during these years, also had an impact on the minds of French Canadians. The Richelieu movement's evolution constitutes a perfect example of this tendency. Its transformation from a French Canadian to a Francophone and international movement the late 1960s shows the way in which this new level of solidarity brought various individuals on different continents to rally towards and identify with what was considered “francophone”, to the detriment of a more restrictive national project such as French Canada.
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812.More information
Based upon fieldwork conducted in Mauritius and Rodrigues islands (Indian Ocean), this paper presents a methodology for ex ante assessment of adaptation to climate change projects. It relies on the hypothesis that avoiding environmental, sociocultural and economic maladaptation is a relevant way to start implementing a concrete adaptation process. The paper details the approach adopted on the field. First, and before elaborating “significant criteria” and “relevance indicators” (regarding the long-term adaptation challenge), we developed new bases for facilitating the identification of the study's targeted population, i.e. the “local vulnerable communities”. To do so, we refined the IPCC definition of vulnerability to make it more operational on the ground. The criteria and indicators are then described, and finally an application of the methodology to concrete projects is proposed. Three major conclusions arise from this empirical experience. (i) Avoiding maladaptation is really a relevant way to start implementing adaptation, as it allows the identification of pragmatic guidelines for today's action. (ii) The ex ante approach allows gathering projects' holders and funding agencies thanks to common assessment bases. Yet, such bases are essential pillars for ensuring consistency among scattered adaptation initiatives, while these latter are expected to grow in number in the context of adaptation funds increase. (iii) Ex ante assessments are as necessary as currently dominating ex post assessments, as they contribute upstream and in parallel of projects' monitoring and efficiency analysis, to the coherence and the optimisation of adaptation endeavours.
Keywords: projet, évaluation, maladaptation, vulnérabilité, changements climatiques, adaptation, Adaptation, climate change, assessment, projects, maladaptation, vulnerability
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813.More information
Metropolitan growth is a powerful geographical-economic phenomenon thattransforms both conditions and forms of governance at different scales,especially local scales: inter-urban competition for the attraction ofpeople and activities, importance of public-private action, rise of theclaims from organized civil society. Places of cultivated nature in thecity are crossed by these mutations of governance. The article aims toshow that the multifunctional character of these places of nature(ecological health, food resource, hub of social interactions andindividual attachment) produces some “spaces issues” forthose involved in urban planning. Indeed, objectives of urbaninstitutions come into tension with the expression of the demands ofinhabitants, because there are different views about the lived andpracticed spaces. From the example of the city of Rennes, in westernFrance, we can question the ability of urban institutions to providelocal democracy from residents participation, and to effectivelyintegrate all forms of productive activities in a shared metropolitanproject.
Keywords: nature cultivée, espaces enjeux, pratiques habitantes, institutions locales, métropole, gouvernance, agriculture urbaine, productive nature, spaces issues, résidents practices, local institutions, metropolitan area, governance, urban agriculture, Espacios naturales cultivados, espacios estratégicos, prácticas habitantes, instituciones locales, metropolización, gobernanza
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814.More information
Printed news reports circulated, in the 16th and 17th century, which revealed the sudden conversion to Christianity – some were real, but several were invented – of powerful monarchs from abroad. How were such announcements written or invented? Different scenarios existed. There was genuine news, to which were added cosmetic and false details, or sometimes overly enthusiastic interpretations. There was false news, although invented, arguably, to simplify the reporting of real upheavals on the scene of world affairs – such as the entrance on the historical stage of the Safavid dynasty, fantasized in the media as the conversion of Ismail I (in 1508) or Abbas I (in 1606). The strange case of La conversion de trois grands rois [The Conversion of Three Great Kings] helps in distinguishing two falsification mechanisms, or in this case two steps: in 1571, it was the fraudulent mixing of excerpts from genuine Jesuit letters; in 1588, 1608 and 1609, the same news report circulated anew, with all of its dates replaced by current ones. Truth and fiction thus intertwined better than they clashed, and paradoxically at the very time when genuine and current information about Persia, India and Indonesia was starting to circulate in Europe. The existence of such chimerical news also indicates that, as the industry of news reporting was developing, the particular desirability of reports on high-level conversions helped them prevail over other news more genuine, yet less appealing.
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819.More information
Presidents and chiefs of Governments have always met themselves in interstate relationships. Originally, these meetings were organized to solve military questions but, at the beginning of the 19th century, international summits have been the object of a wide development. This is today the normal way of meeting between presidents who want to coordinate their strategy. International summits appear as an alternative of international organizations in various fields as disarmament, peace keeping or economic international relationships. But international summits are also the consecration of the leadership of the most powerful States who spread their domination on the other States on which they impose their own vision of international relationships. The G7 is a good illustration of this situation and one can even wonder whether it has become an economic Security Council. International summits have in fact a double function on both institutional and normative point of view : they replace international organizations and they are at the origin of the adoption of international conventions. They could also realize an equilibrium in front of the power of certain States.
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820.More information
AbstractThis article introduces the concept of “identity paradiplomacy” which is different from protodiplomacy, because the objective of identity entrepreneurs is to go on the international arena to access resources (symbolic and material) they lack internally. This article explains the motivations of the identity entrepreneurs and contradicts the thesis that identity paradiplomacy inevitably leads to increasing conflicts. Contrary to common beliefs nationalist claims are negotiable and can be the object of compromise. The cases studied here are Quebec, Catalonia and Flanders.