Documents found
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892.More information
At the zenith of his life, the baron Pierre-Joseph-Victor de Besenval de Brünstatt (1721-1791), after having distinguished himself in battle under the reign of Louis XV as a colonel in the regiment of Swiss guards, had become the most seasoned courtier of Versailles. Assiduous member of Marie-Antoinette’s entourage, witty and attractive, he excelled in the two arts which were the mainstays of the Queen’s coterie at the Trianon château: the art of conversation and that of gallantry. Besenval had a prevailing passion; he was one of the finest art collectors of his time. In the aftermath of the storming of the Bastille, a momentous event he could not prevent despite commanding the Royal troops in Paris, he left the capital hastily, was caught, imprisoned, judged, and miraculously freed. The aim of this article is to examine different portraits of this aristocrat who embodied the Ancien régime and its downfall who, at the dawn of the Revolution, wanted to bow out gracefully from these tumultuous times leaving behind an exceptional portrait of himself as an art collector. A unique painting of its kind amongst 18th century French works, this fascinating and intimate fireside portrait immortalises Besenval’s wit and taste for posterity.
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893.More information
Since their first appearance in the 1930s, American comic books have been presented as collective works dependent on collaboration between a variable number of actors, namely writers, illustrators, inkers, colorists, letterers, and publishers. In the fast-moving world of serial comic book publishing (new works are generally released monthly), this teamwork-based approach is necessary for ensuring continuous productivity. This work method, having proven effective, was also adopted by the majority of Quebec comic book publishers from the early 1980s onward. However, in these cases, collaboration sometimes moves beyond the sharing of work between creators employed by the same publisher. In fact, correspondence between publishers and the peritexts of their published works reveal that a spirit of collegial solidarity unites rival producers, who exchange both ideas and advice about their respective series, and in doing so, contribute indirectly to the content of comic books published by their competitors. Nevertheless, the reasons giving rise to this mutual aid between publishers may be worth questioning. From a sense of friendship between colleagues to pure commercial opportunism, what issues specific to the field of comic book publishing in Quebec does this apparent sense of fraternity reveal? What are the conditions that contribute to the exchange of services between publishers, scriptwriters, and illustrators? In short, how can this sense of solidarity between competing producers evolving within the same competitive market be explained? This article will answer these questions in an effort to shed more light on the social dimension of serial comic book production in Quebec and Canada. It will reveal that collaboration among actors evolving in the québécois field of comic book publishing (and sometimes also in the Anglo-Canadian and American spheres) serves to consolidate the position independent publishers occupy in the constrained market in which they are attempting to invest themselves. The sense of fraternity that unites them is welcome and necessary in that it fosters interpersonal relationships that are more transactional than conflictual in nature, which can transform potential competitors into advertising or legitimating entities, and perhaps even into creative partners. This dynamic creates an alliance in which all parties benefit from a collaborative approach, which acts as a collective defence against the threat of market domination by comic book publishing industry giants.
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894.More information
Keywords: Cynégétique, chasse, tourisme, marketing, marché
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895.More information
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) binds European Union countries to a policy of water quality and aquatic environment restoration by 2015. It breaks new ground by defining a European framework for water policy by instituting a comprehensive protection of the resource and setting ambitious environmental goals, with an obligation of results. However, the format and requirements arising from the text are not the only innovation of the WFD. This article demonstrates that even if the text remains related to previous community legislation, it is also inspired by OECD-developed knowledge, sometimes in areas unrelated to aquatic environments management. Therefore, this article identifies the influence upstream by OECD on the development process of the WFD to better understand its political orientation.
Keywords: directive-cadre, eau, politiques, Europe, opérateurs de transferts, carrières, processus décisionnel européen, OCDE, water, framework Directive, policy, policy transfer studies, transfer operators, careers, european decision making, OECD, Europe
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897.More information
On November 6, 1985, a group of M-19 guerrillas seized the Supreme Court House in Bogota, Colombia. In the building were almost 350 persons including judges of the Supreme Court of Justice and of the Consejo de Estado (State Council). The judges were taken as hostages and for their liberation, the M-19 guerrillas requested the implementation of the peace dialogue, and the approval of the agrarian and urban reforms, amongst other social improvements.The government's response to the seizure of the Court House and to the «armed demands» of the guerrilla was spectacularly violent. The dialogue was rejected and the guerrillas were asked for unconditional surrender.Tanks broke down the doors of the Court House shooting crazily in all directions instead of using a less brutal rescue's strategy. Rockets fired from outside blew up the building, and the dramatic result was that 100 people lost their lives shot or burnt, and 11 more who abandonned the building, escorted by the police, were declared «missing».This paper raises the question of the less social evil, that is, the political and human choice between the legitimate defence of life of innocent victims, and the legitimate defence of the institutions.Should the democratic institutions be temporarily suspended in order to protect the right of life and to avoid the political and social side effects of a terrorist attack?
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900.More information
In our globalized world, the actors' playground is no longer confined to structure, but is now extended to territory. The blurring of organizational boundaries tends to encourage the development of a partnership logic, including in Human Resource Management (HRM), in the face of socio-economic environmental upheavals. It is in this current context that a new form of HRM is emerging, that falls within a CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) approach that is no longer restricted to only certain social aspects.The objective of this article is to study an alternative approach to HRM that is more societally based. We focus on answering the following question: How is a societal-based HRM established in SMEs? Using the contextual approach of Pichault and Nizet (2013), we emphasize the importance for organizational leaders to mobilize both internal and external actors in order to achieve this objective. Considering the case of a French SME in the social and solidarity economic sector, we explore from life stories, semi-structured interviews, participant and non-participant observations, as well as documentary analyses, the process of building this new form of HRM.Our results highlight three key steps: 1- the emergence of this type of HRM around the creation of a social pact; 2- its evolution resulting in both support and frustration; and finally, 3- the diffusion of this alternative HRM to external partners.
Keywords: gestion alternative, GRH sociétale, contextualisme, petite et moyenne entreprise (PME), économie sociale et solidaire, alternative management, societal HRM, contextualism, small and medium-sized enterprise (SME), social and solidarity economic sector, gestión alternativa, GRH societal, contextualismo, pequeña y mediana empresa (PME), economía social y solidaria