Documents found
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941.
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944.More information
AbstractThe empirical study of the construction of an autonomous structure of governance by the Armenian minority in Azerbaijan enables to bypass several conventional arguments. Beyond a “frozen” diplomatic conflict, the state-building dynamic of the Nagorno-Karabakh transforms internal equilibriums, which contributes to modify the conditions of conflict resolution. The continuity of the diplomatic status quo leads to widen the gap between the political agreements negotiated by the protagonists and the actual capacity to implement them on the ground, which opens a favourable structure of opportunity to the emergence of a de facto state. The aim of the autonomous political entity is not to negotiate the division of state powers within the Azerbaijani state, but to exit this state. Conflict resolution does not only depend on external factors, which are combined with internal issues and reinforce the prevalence of the status quo. Thus, the conflict is not “frozen,” the situation on the ground being quite different today from that of the 1994 ceasefire. The force of inertia is first and foremost a political strategy aimed at favouring in practice a policy of the accomplished fact though diplomatically unacceptable, and imposing de jure a sovereignty de facto imperfect.
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945.More information
Established in 1852, the museum project of Montreal's Institut canadien received presents from French imperial museums (mouldings and sculptures) and Prince Napoleon (prints) in addition to natural science specimens from Canada and some foreign countries. The ill-assorted profile of this collection becomes clear with the addition of numismatics and historical mementos. The museum's objective was to serve “ideas of progress and liberty” at the very heart of the Institut canadien's mission. The history of the museum (1852-1882) is told through the thought and efforts of two of its most energetic supporters: Joseph-Guillaume Barthe and Gonzalve Doutre. This episode in history may be seen as emblematic of museological practice in nineteenth-century Quebec.
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946.More information
French colonization in North America was characterized by a metis model of relations with the Natives whose cultures have inspired social critique of Western World. After the Conquest and the cession in 1763, the francophones repressed the Indian part of themselves to avoid a stigma and allow themselves to claim collective rights as a civilized people. Beside their long common history and deep mutual cultural influences, the French-Canadians shared an analogous status of a conquered people in its childhood. Caught in the ambiguous position of colonized colonisers, the French-Canadians defined their cultural inheritance as exclusively French. Having to justify their close relations with the Indians, they proclaimed having been the torch carriers of faith and civilization among Indians. Never in their mission, would have they fallen in savagery. French Canada would then be geographically in America, but not culturally, because, according to its elite, without any trace of miscegenation. Debunking this fear to pass for a savage would probably reveal a sense being ashamed of oneself.
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947.More information
We begin with an analysis of François-Marc Gagnon's work on the images of Canadian beavers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in order to work out the ethology of the beaver and its role in the symbolic world of Native peoples. We next examine the beaver in the fur trade and the colonial perception of the animal. We analyse cultural transfer mechanisms which transform the myth of the beaver as an essential actor in genesis to the more secular one of a social or republican order based on the work ethic of beavers. This cultural transfer led to the firm belief in the existence of a beaver society along the lines of Native society, both sentenced to death in the wake of progress and civilization.
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948.More information
AbstractIn the left-bank Cabaret de l'Écluse, a focal point for being seen and entertained in post-World War II Paris, the haphazard and diverse entertainment on offer would hardly seem conducive to a symbolisation of society. However, the sociality of vaudeville is evidenced by the variable structure of the diverse, heterogeneous shows programmed. Resonances lingering from one show to the next make possible the advent of a social discourse that keeps a close yet skewed relationship with the two major socio-political upheavals of the 1960s, the Algerian War and the May 1968 protests.
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949.More information
Commercial operas of seventeenth-century Venice, the earliest public operas, are generally described as rigorously literary from 1637-1660. Various tools, including sets, machines, and musical forms helped audiences from various classes and places understand this Venetian Carnevale entertainment. The goal—to create a commercial entertainment industry that reflected and highlighted the wonders of Venice—was identified early in the history of Venetian commercial opera. This paper seeks to define the extent to which nascent commercial enterprises like newspapers, the mail, publishing, and advertising defined the content and nature of these early operatic works.
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950.More information
The dynamics of terrorism seem to follow a double track evolution. On the one hand, terrorism presents at the beginning a strong ideological component, particularly in the case of left-wings oriented terrorism. As events unfurl, terrorism drifts further apart from its original objectives. In the final stage, the ideological component relate almost exclusively to the ideology of violence for its own sake. On the other hand, the state ideological commitment to the preservation of the state creates a process whereby terrorism movements are being increasingly « marginalized ». The state administrative legal and political functions bring about a process through which terrorists, henceforth, are perceived as criminals. The case of the Red Brigades in Italy is used to illustrate this double track process.