Documents found
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17001.More information
Victimology, the study of the victim, emerged in the second half of the 20th century as a branch of criminology. Until then criminology was exclusively focused on crime and its perpetrators. But since most crimes are committed against a victim/target the study of the latter offered a holistic approach. It also offered the prospect of transforming the static criminological theories into dynamic theories incorporating the interactions between victim and victimizer and the situational dynamics in confrontational victimizations. The beginnings of Victimology were purely theoretical focusing on the victims of specific crimes, their role and their eventual contribution to the genesis of the crime.In the 1970's the micro approach that characterized early Victimology was eclipsed by a macro approach aimed at assessing the volume of victimization, particularly hidden and unreported victimization. Victimization surveys became quite popular and were carried out regionally, nationally and transnationally. They allowed researchers to collect a vast amount of data on crime victims and yielded some very interesting as well as some unexpected findings. The last decades of the 20th century witnessed a major transformation in Victimology. The Victimology of the act gave way to a Victimology of action. The ideological transformation of victimology from the study of the victim into the art of helping victims, the over-identification with crime victims, and the missionary zeal with which the 'interests' of those victims are defended and pursued are quite manifest in victimology conferences and symposia.The missionary zeal exhibited by many victimologists on behalf and in the interest of crime victims is fraught with danger. First, it is jeopardizing the quality of scholarship and the scholarly stance of the discipline of victimology. As a result, victimology is increasingly being regarded as a humanitarian and ideological movement rather than a scientific discipline. Secondly, missionary zeal and partisan stance are moving criminal law and the criminal justice system into a punitive, retributive direction. There is also a third danger. Since the victim lobby has chosen to focus on traditional crimes rather than white-collar crime or acts of abuse of power, there has been a distinct shift of focus in research to the former type at the expense of the latter. Victims of white-collar crime, corporate crime and abuse of power have once again been relegated to the shadow. More serious still is yet another danger. In the diligent quest for victims' rights there seems to be a manifest or latent willingness to sacrifice offenders' rights. A false contest is thus created between the rights of both groups.So where is victimology heading ? Science and partisanship are incompatible. Once researchers take sides or become advocates they lose their neutrality, their objectivity and their credibility. This is a fundamental principle that should be seriously considered by those well-intentioned criminologists and victimologists who have adopted the cause of crime victims and who claim to speak on their behalf.The future of victimology will thus depend on its ability to return back to its original scientific mission, to shed its ideological mantle and to resume its role as a scholarly discipline and as an integral part of criminology. It is the need to separate research from action and science from activism that dictates that victimology be separated from victim policy. To restore its neutrality and to regain and maintain its scientific integrity victimology will have to detach itself from politics and ideology.
Keywords: Victimologie, victimologie activiste, victimisation, enquêtes de victimisation, victimisation confrontationnelle, victime catalyseuse, victime récidiviste, Victimology, activist victimology, victimization, victim surveys, confrontational victimization, victim precipitation, recidivist victim, Victimología, victimología activista, victimización, encuestas de victimización, victimización confrontacional, víctima catalizadora, víctima reincidente
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17002.More information
This article offers an analysis of the social origins of the religious and political conflicts in the Iberian Peninsula during the XVth century. The theoretical argument mobilizes both an analysis of social closures and an analysis of the generative grammar of social property regimes in order to reconstruct the logic of social conflicts during the era of absolutist consolidation. The empirical section reconstructs the contentions and conflicts which lead to the framing of the Conversos under the statutes of pure blood. The author argues that even though Medieval Spain did not developed a scientific theory of “races”, the administrative authority did developed a form of social closure grounded on heredity with lethal consequences for the Jewish population of Spain.
Keywords: Régime social de propriété, clôture sociale, judaïsme, antisémitisme, Espagne, sociologie historique, Social Property Regimes, Social Closures, Judaism, Antisemitism, Spain, Historical Sociology, Régimen social de propiedad, límites sociales, judaísmo, antisemitismo, España, sociología histórica
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17003.More information
SummaryParadoxically, if the ideal of communication has been one of the most important generator as well as a major by-product of the United States' history, as American media get more and more sophisticated and spued over the world, such an ideal is thrown away, joepardized, denounced, and sometimes, hijacked by Third World countries in order to fulfill their own ideological purposes. In industrialized as well as rapidly developing societies in Europe and Asia, this American ideology of communication is astutely salvaged as contextual information for decision making by strategists involved against the United States on the international economic scene.
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17004.More information
SummaryThe concept of wage earner relation (rapport salarial) is original and helpful to understand the models of societies or enterprises. However, it is too comprehensive. It is suggested to distinguish two dimensions in that relation: the organisation (division and coordination of work) and the institution (social compromise), and further to complete the regulation approach by adding a relation of consumption which allows to include the relation between the citizens-users-consumers and the enterprises or state agencies. Lastly, a critical examination of the relation between structure and agents shows that the notions of reproduction and regulation must not be confused.
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17005.More information
This article explores changes in the international political significance of "strategic minerals" over the past half-century. The method of analysis is comparative historical, or "diachronic", and the major issues examined are: 1) minerals as a cause of international conflict; 2) minerals as a factor contributing to the military potential of states; and 3) the question of mineral scarcity. In addition to the above issues, the author analyzes two central concepts, "geopolitics" and "strategic minerals" . He concludes that while it does make sense to speak of a "new geopolitics of Minerals" in the post-1973 era, there are nevertheless important ways in which recent strategic-minerals issues resemble those of the earlier period under examination, the interwar years (and, in particular, the 1930s). What does not seem to have changed in respect of strategic minerals since the 1930 s is that access to them continues ultimately to be a function of political processes, and therefore the access question remains what it was, a matter of geopolitical concern. Where there have been differences in the relevance of strategic minerals, these have mainly consisted in: 1) the declining importance of minerals as a major contributory factor in the breakdown of world order; 2) the lessening of what had formerly been a deterministic equation between mineral possession and military potential; and 3) the increased salience in the post-1973 era of the perception that access will be affected by the growing scarcity of minerals, whether due to the actual depletion of reserves or politically induced supply disruptions.
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17006.More information
In the late 1970s, two large, multi-disciplinary, multi-year archaeological programs were initiated along the coasts of northern Labrador and Ungava in northern Quebec. Both envisioned a new model for Arctic archaeology that integrated archaeology, ethnography, environmental studies, earth sciences, and informatics. The Tuvaaluk research program was directed by Patrick Plumet at the Université du Québec à Montréal, and the Torngat Archaeological Project (TAP) by William Fitzhugh at the Smithsonian Institution and Richard Jordan at Bryn Mawr College. Project periods lasted roughly five years and included researchers and students from several institutions. The Tuvaaluk project concentrated on Paleoeskimo and Thule cultures, while TAP included research on Maritime Archaic and later Indian cultures as well as Paleoeskimo and Inuit cultures. This paper reviews and compares Tuvaaluk and TAP goals, methods, results, lessons learned, and legacies.
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17008.More information
Objectives To synthesize the available epidemiological and clinical evidence relevant to the mental health care of migrant, ethnic minority and Indigenous populations in the context of early psychosis.Methods This study provides a narrative review of the literature on psychosis in these populations, including issues related to the provision of early intervention services for psychosis.Results Migrant status has long been reported as a significant risk factor for psychosis in many geographic contexts. This increased risk among migrants seems to persist beyond the first generation and has been found to be higher in all migrant populations, but especially for black ethnic minorities and individuals migrating from economically developing countries to developed ones. Recent evidence suggests that this higher risk is at least in part due to migrants' and minorities' cumulative exposure to social adversities, such as racial discrimination, marginalization and socio-economic disadvantage. Systemic racism affects migrant and minority populations by creating bias in diagnostic practices and aggravating treatment disparities in addition to contributing to causation of psychosis. Furthermore, migrant and ethnic minority groups are known to seek mental healthcare after longer delays, to be more frequently forcibly hospitalized, to disengage from treatment prematurely and to be less satisfied with their treatment. The consideration of social and cultural context and factors is essential to the provision of good healthcare, especially in a culturally diverse society. Furthermore, acknowledging power relationships that stem from the societal context and shape institutions and models of care is a key step towards structural competence and safety in mental healthcare. Several strategies have been proposed to make mental healthcare services and systems more culturally and structurally competent. These include the use of interpreters and cultural brokers, tailored assessments and specialised cultural interventions. However, these strategies have yet to be adopted broadly in early intervention for psychosis.Conclusion Given its emphasis on meaningful engagement and person-centered care, early intervention should integrate inclusive, structurally competent and context-informed interventions as a priority. Efforts must be made to apply knowledge from and adapt the tools of social and cultural psychiatry to the field of early intervention in psychosis. Sociocultural considerations, hitherto inconsistently applied in psychosis research and service design in Quebec, are especially relevant to the province given its distinct linguistic context, its increasing cultural diversity, and its ongoing effort to systematize and expand the delivery of early intervention services.
Keywords: intervention précoce, premier épisode psychotique, immigrants, minorités ethniques, autochtones, psychiatrie transculturelle, compétence culturelle, sécurité culturelle, culture, psychose, early intervention, first episode psychosis, migrants, ethnic minorities, Indigenous populations, social and cultural psychiatry, immigrants, cultural competence, cultural safety, culture, psychosis
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17009.More information
AbstractThe author first outlines the problems of Woman's Liberation and gives us the doctrine of Marx and Engels on this subject. In the second part, the author studies the evolution of the situation of women in the U.S.S.R. from the Revolution to the present day. He analyses certain contradictions in Soviet society, and then focuses his analysis on the problems of employment, income and educational opportunities. He also deals with the problem of sexual freedom and the limitations imposed upon it. Finally, he examines the role of the woman in political and social domains, and attempts to show that this may be the consequence of the present day situation of women in the Soviet Union. The article is based on Soviet publications and documents.
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17010.More information
This research was conducted in three cycle 1 classes in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Based on the creative process of Wallas (2003) and the identified factors of creativity (Lubart, 2003), it proposes to put the posture of creator in a social semiotic perspective by using the multimodal narration of the album as a mediating object. As pedagogical support of choice, notably because of the richness of the offer, the affective dimension of the images and the narration, the album is a composite object whose semiotic complexity forces a process of metaphorical meaning-making described as highly creative (Kress, 2010). As the motivation of the sign-maker depends on his or her interests (Kress, 2010), participation in a narrative that has to find its conclusion places the student in the position of creator-actor of his or her learning. The multimodal medium serves here as a material for (re)conceptualisation in which transmediation (Suhor, 1984, cited in Sullivan, 2017) is put at the service of the creator's posture. The object produced can then take an active role in the construction of meaning (Bowker & Star, 2000), making the process a transformative practice (Conne, 2008) for the learner. Referring back to social semiotics, learning is here considered above all as a process of situated meaning-making (Budach, 2018; Mottier Lopez, 2016) in an anthropological perspective of education (Ingold, 2018).
Keywords: creative activities, activités créatrices, semiotics, sémiotique, album, album, narration, narration, mutimodalité, multimodality