Documents found
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AbstractLouis Dumont's Individualism and the Anthropology of Global Ideologies Genesis of the Comparative PerspectiveThe concept of " individualism " as it appears in Louis Dumont's work has been used in the many différent ways which are reviewed in this article. The author also shows how the meaning of this concept can reveal some ambiguities in Dumont's work itself. This discussion allows the author to suggest some adjustments to the concept of " individualism ", so that it becomes possible to revive anthropological comparisons between societies. From this perspective, any ideology in a society can be analysed as a social fact which is organised by hierarchical relations ; this article discusses the examples of political France/political French life and of Western Samoa State (Polynesia). Another topic of discussion could be the passage from modem to postmodern ideology. This perspective could also be used to analyse societies within which différent cultural groups are in conflict.
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AbstractABSTRACTBenjamin Lee Whorf and the Boasian Foundations of Contemporary EthnolinguisticsABSTRACTBenjamin Lee Whorf and the Boasian Foundations of Contemporary EthnolinguisticsBenjamin Lee Whorf is probably the most misread anthropologist of his day. This paper explores his linguistic relativity hypotheses from a variety of points of view, including his Personal biography ; the emergence of his mature thought about language, thought and reality; his lies to Boasian anthropology and the First Yale School of Linguistics; his research on Hopi and Standard Average European ; and his influence on contemporary ethnolinguistics and cognitive sciences. Although Whorf is remembered as something of a maverick, he was perceived by his contemporaries as one among a group of Amerindian linguists around Edward Sapir. His notion of linguistic relativity was based on grammatical categories, assuming a cultural diversity and relativism quite distinct from thc universalist thrust of cognitive science. This focus places him firmly in the cross-cultural research tradition of ethnolinguistics.Key words : Darnell, ethnolinguistics, amerindian linguistics, Whorf, cognitive sciences
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393.More information
Keywords: Anthropologie cognitive, altérité, postures d'interlocution, instruction située au pair
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394.More information
The anthropological discipline, born in the West, developed in the context of colonial empires. Its task is to reflect the diversity of human societies and cultures, as well as the unity of the human being. After the Second World War, the colonies gained independence. This situation leads a new generation of anthropologists to profoundly renew the perspective, highlighting the asymmetry of relations between colonizing and colonized societies. Diversity would mask inequalities. As a former French colony, which became a French overseas department in 1946, Reunion Island society is part of the stakes of the European colonial empires that have locally generated strong social and cultural inequalities. But it wasn't until the 1970s that the first anthropological studies in Reunion Island were developed. This article proposes to explore the latter by confronting them with the contexts in which they originated, to gain a better understanding of the resulting knowledge. This approach has allowed updating the analytical biases that characterized my research. The deconstruction work carried out questions the knowledge produced over the period 1970-2000, without renouncing to design and use tools for a heuristic knowledge.
Keywords: Jarousseau, anthropologie, biais analytiques, connaissance heuristique, société réunionnaise, Jarousseau, anthropology, analytical biases, heuristic knowledge, Reunion Island society, Jarousseau, antropología, sesgos analíticos, conocimientos heurísticos, sociedad de La Reunión
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From a maritime anthropology perspective, this article analyzes how artisanal fishermen of the San Andrés Archipelago are propelled to the forefront of conflicts between commoning and sea grabbing. In doing so, it questions how this contributes to document the process of the maritimization of societies. Built on six months of ethnographic work in fishing cooperatives, the article questions the positioning of artisanal fishermen as new guardians of the sea, by crossing several scales of analysis. The article first considers the recent upgrading of the social status of fishermen and then the place of their “good practices” as symbolic forms of localized appropriation of fishing territory. It then points out the contradictory dimension of the fishermen's role of guardians of the sea at regional and sub-regional scales. In a context of regional border conflict and competitive access to oil exploration, the role assigned to fishermen by national institutions is one of heritage before being one of environmental citizens. The Biosphere Reserve fulfills above all a geopolitical function, making fishermen guardians of national frontiers rather than guardians of the biodiversity.
Keywords: anthropologie maritime, pêche artisanale, accaparement maritime, aires marines protégées, exploration pétrolière, conflits frontaliers, Colombie, Insularité, maritime anthropology, artisanal fishing, ocean grabbing, large-scale marine protected areas, oil exploration, border conflicts, Colombia, insularity
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397.More information
AbstractAnthropology and Sociobtology : The Bases of an Eventual IntegrationIn this paper, we compare the respective epistemological tenets of sociobiological and anthropological theory, in order to shed some light on their common elements and in hope of setting the grounds for their 'eventual integration. These two theoretical approaches are seen as convergent in their shared assumption of a psychic unity of mankind, a unity that nevertheless expresses itself in the rich cultural variability that we observe. These two perspectives differ however in the path they take to characterize this unity, and in the way they generate theories of social behaviour. We focus on the inherent weaknesses of each approach when applied separately, and we try to go beyond the sterile reductionnistic/holistic opposition in an effort to foster some form of vertical interdisciplinary integration - of the kind that commonly prevails in most other scientific endeavours.