Documents found
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3071.More information
The Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso is considered as the area with the highest agro-sylvo-pastoral potential of the country. The aim of this study was to characterize the production systems and the status of forage resources from two contiguous land sites in the Southwest of the country. The methodology consisted of formal surveys with farmers and field inventories. The characterization of production systems allowed to distinguish four groups of producers which differ by their social status, resources and productions strategies used. The first two groups (Lobi) are indigenous landowners practicing traditional shifting cultivation, whereas the other two groups consist of non-native (Fulani and Mossi) exploit essentially borrowed land permanently. They are better off in agricultural equipment and use some inputs (organic and mineral fertilizer) to improve production. In general, there is not a good integration of crops and livestock in indigenous producers, while non-native producers are investing more. The mapping of the study area allowed to identify five landscapes units that differ in the appearance of vegetation and land use: the shrubby savanna, sparse woody savanna, dense woody savanna, riparian vegetation and cropland areas. Phyto-sociological studies in these units (except cropland) results in a flora of 95 herbaceous species and 55 woody species. Herbaceous biomass ranged from 2.9 tons / ha DM in the dense savannas to 10.6 tons / ha in riparian formations, allowing a carrying capacity of 0.45 to 1.63 TLU / ha / year. The contribution of crop residues is substantial and could support additional load of 1300 TLU / year and with slightly higher nutritional value than pastures in dry season. In general, the feed balance of the area is positive, confirming the important forage availability, with however constraints for sustainable exploitation.
Keywords: systèmes de production, unités de pâturages, composition floristique, biomasse fourragère, valeur nutritive, bilan fourrager, production systems, pasture unit, flora composition, fodder biomass, nutritive value, fodder balance
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3072.More information
In the Sahelian region of Burkina Faso, the dominant livestock keeping system is the pastoral system characterized by a high dependence on natural resources. Currently, the traditional practices are not any more able to respond efficiently to the recurrent animal's feeding and watering problems. The range of herd mobility, the transhumance has become more important and the stays in the destination sites are becoming longer. This present work aims to make a baseline on the transhumance practices and its perspectives in the context of ongoing great mutation of livestock production system in the Sahel. Household surveys with 111 transhumant pastoralist, coupled with semi structured interview with 16 key informants were conducted. Results show that, transhumance is an animal production system in expansion in the Sahel. Herd mobility is mainly due to lack of forages and water resources (88%). Departure to, and return from transhumance as well as the time spent in transit zones and the distance travelled depend on the availability of pastures resources. The itinerary analyses showed a first group of transhumant having their destination toward Béli and Republic of Mali, and the second group move southward to Gourma region of Burkina Faso, and neighbouring countries such Ghana, Benin and Togo. The main constraints of transhumance are access to watering point (19.4 %), conflicts and animals rob (19.7 %), crops fields damage (41 %) and high taxes payment (21 %). Action to be taken for the future of transhumance, are creation of pastoral zones (47%), digging of pastoral wells (53%) and dam (52%); and establishment and maintenance of transhumance routes (21%). Based on the analyses of the constraints, propositions were formulated for adaptation and improvement of the production system in relation to the key issues and challenges: i) the creation of pastoral zones, ii) securisation of transhumance routes and pastures areas iii) improvement of transhumance practices and iv) capacity building of transhumant pastoralists.
Keywords: Burkina Faso, fourrage, pastoralisme, ressources naturelles, Sahel, transhumance, pâture, Burkina Faso, forages, pastoralism, natural resources, Sahel, transhumance, pasture, livestock
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3073.More information
AbstractThis paper aims to present an overview of the history of translation in Sub-Saharan Africa, and attempts to cover the major periods of its history and the main regions of the continent. From precolonial times to today's neocolonial period, translation and interpreting have always played a major role in enabling communication between disparate groups such as between kings and their subjects, colonizers and colonized, or in more contemporary times, between linguistic communities in a highly multicultural and multilingual Africa. Over the centuries, translation has been involved in many key sectors of activity in Africa ranging from politics and administration to culture and religion. Translation in this context has involved a great variety of language combinations between African languages, European languages and Arabic, as well as some traditional forms of intersemiotic translation. The history of translation in Africa reflects the rich and complex history of the continent and the various linguistic and cultural contacts and exchanges that have shaped and defined its destiny.
Keywords: Afrique subsaharienne, traduction postcoloniale, tradition orale, langues vernaculaires, traducteurs-performeurs
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3074.More information
This article outlines the major contributions of the collective book entitled Les reconfigurations de l’échange marchand : Tour d’horizon, enjeux et perspectives, published by Presses Universitaires du Québec and edited by professors Myriam Ertz, Julien Bousquet and Damien Hallegatte. According to the contributors of this article, commercial exchange is undergoing a deep change. This transformation led to four main evolutions: a reviewed conceptualization of commercial exchange, the emergence of alternative exchange currencies, updating of the product at the core of re-engineered exchanges, and a quest for a meaning in consumption. If causes of these evolutions are difficult to isolate accurately, it remains that this deep change in the way markets function leads to the convergence of three underlying trends: technological evolutions, sociocultural evolutions, and economic and financial constraints. This article summarizes the areas and the causes of change as identified by the authors of the collective work.
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3075.More information
Creativity stimulates innovation (Wolfe, 2007); it thus plays an important role in economic development in a digital age. The arts and culture community, master of creative practice, is a key component in entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs). In a context where the digital transition of communities depends on sectoral transversality (Caron et al., 2020), we are analyzing the contributions of the arts and culture community in the development of EEs. Through a case study based on the evolution of a creative hub project, we will specify the dynamics at work in the intersectoral structuring of EEs. In doing so, we will focus our attention on notions of open innovation, creativity and co-development in the digital era.
Keywords: Entrepreneurial ecosystem, Écosystème entrepreneurial, arts, arts, culture, culture, digital transition, transition numérique
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3076.
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3078.More information
Over the past decades, artisanal mining has become increasingly important in several West African countries. Various recent studies have shown that it represents a crucial livelihood strategy for many rural households. At the same time, the development of artisanal mining, which is mostly informal, has raised concerns about its social and environmental sustainability.Based on a detailed study of a small-scale mining site in Burkina Faso, we show that, contrary to what is often assumed, artisanal mines are not places of lawlessness. The mining site's organization depends on proximity-based governance structures even if the rules themselves are informal. However, these governing structures remain fragile and have various shortcomings, which limit the contributions that artisanal mining can make to territorial development. Operations are mostly focused on short-term profitability at the expense of social and environmental sustainability, resulting in dangerous and precarious working conditions. Consequently, these local forms of governance, which are shaped by both markets and traditional power structures, suffer from a lack of meaningful public policies that could accompany, as well as respect, the local regulatory mechanisms in place.
Keywords: orpaillage artisanal, gouvernance de proximité, institutions informelles, artisanal mining, proximity-based governance, informal institutions
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3079.More information
AbstractI present an ethnographic model that relates culture and development to the migration process that has brought Senegalese to Andalusia. I criticize the official “aid for development” position, and examine the role of migrants residing in the receiving country. I show how the Senegalese Mourides in city of Seville are involved in the development of a social organizational model focused on the holy city of Touba in Senegal. Then, I look at the role that the Mouride brotherhood plays in the development of Senegal. I suggest that it is the impossible to speak of the notions of society of origin and society of destination as two differentiated spaces in the daily reality of the Senegalese immigrants. This is rather a transnational migration defined by the constant transit of people as well as material and symbolic goods between the here (Seville) and the there (Senegal).
Keywords: Transnationalisme, développement, mouridisme, Sénégalais, immigration, Andalousie, transnationalism, development, Senegalese, mouridism, immigration, Andalucia
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3080.More information
AbstractClothing is a standard item of ethnographic display, usually placed flat in a case or draped on a mannequin. In 1942 Frederic Douglas took 53 historic American Indian and First Nation women's dresses from the Denver Art Museum to exhibit as an haute couture fashion show. Presented over 150 times between 1942 and 1972, the live exhibit was designed to eliminate racial prejudice by demonstrating that all women liked beautiful clothes. In this paper I discuss the use of First Nation attire in the program.
Keywords: Parezo, vêtements, musée, femmes amérindiennes, Parezo, clothing, museum, American Indian women, Parezo, vestidos, museo, mujeres amerindias