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271.More information
The literature on the history of sexuality in Quebec has rapidly grown in the past few years and now covers most of the XlXth and XXth centuries. Yet, the sixties, a period of profound cultural changes, have received scant attention from scholars. This decade nevertheless corresponds to an intense redefinition of sexual relations and more, not only by accentuating the liberal trends towards the privatization of the body and the rise of individualism and intimacy, but by also accompanying a nationalist movement that did not hesitate to recycle some themes related to sexuality within its own emancipatory rhetoric. A reading of Parti Pris (1963-1968) confirms such a view. In the pages of this periodical, some authors attempted to challenge French Canadians' sexuality, questioning their values, their behaviour, and their inhibitions. They situated the question of sexuality in an ideological frame and envisioned a collective solution to its alleged perversions. For the Parti Pris collaborators, a new erotism would not only enable individual achievement, but also free the development of the national imaginary. Following the prevalent discourse of decolonisation, while recycling many phallocratie ideas, they found in the subject of sexuality the occasion to reflect on the recurrent problem of alienation and exploitation of French Canadians. The sexual liberation, seen through a fundamentally masculinist lens, represented, in the minds of these Utopian thinkers, an essential dimension of a global human liberation.
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On decolonisation, France, leaning on its often-proclaimed messianic vocation and a long tradition of cultural policy, set in motion a politico-linguistic set-up of French-speaking communities. This was also stimulated by various cultural bouts of enthusiasm springing up simultaneously in the French-speaking surroundings. We shall evaluate the driving force of these identity renewals expressed in various ways throughout the 60's and 70's. In Quebec – by means of a “quiet revolution” accompanying autonomy in the cultural field, of which the best-known forms (singers, poets) are successfully exported into the French-speaking areas. In the French-speaking part of Switzerland, by the emergence of a new generation eager to be involved in breaking up the established lines of a Swiss culture considered rigidified, and expressing its new creative forces in various cultural sectors (cinema, song, theatre, literature) whose reputation rapidly reaches beyond its frontiers. To what extent have the emergence and the development of this French-speaking cultural enthusiasm – whether coming from new institutional centres or from surrounding cultural fields – been considered as a political danger by the Swiss or Canadian federal authorities ? And this, even if not directly related to actions led by separatist movements nor, as in Quebec and in the Swiss Jura, much engaged in an identity struggle based on the defence of the French language. The analysis of bilateral cultural relations Quebec-Switzerland in this important period of the quiet revolution will thus permit the evaluation, for each partner, of the degree of autonomy of its cultural field as opposed to the political sphere.
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