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72.More information
Based on various field investigations, this article traces the origins of the community reparation program in Morocco, a socio-economic and cultural development program supporting regions in which economic and social marginalization are perceived as linked to “gross violations of human rights” from the 1960s to the 1990s. Drawing on the sociology of public problems, the article considers the emergence and territorial development of “transitional justice” measures. Hence, we analyze the problematization of the territorialized effects of repression by small associative actors. They qualify situations and question the presence of secret detention centers and the resulting social and economic status of their localities. They call for public responses rooted in the particular territory of South-East Morocco. Then, we show that these associative actors propose a new de-singularization of repression : violence has no longer marked individuals or militant groups, but territories. This questioning resonates with international issues (“transitional justice” seized by development) and elements of the trajectories of the commissioners of the Equity and Reconciliation Commission, the Moroccan truth commission, leading to the development of public action nationwide.
Keywords: Maroc, Sud-Est, répression, réparation communautaire, ONG, action publique, Morocco, South East, repression, community reparation, NGO, public policy
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73.More information
There are several problems in the implantation and development of libraries in the underdeveloped countries. The forming of local professionals is not really possible due to the lack of schools of library science, thus favoring the emigration of these specialists. The small number of national libraries and their embryonic evolution make it difficult to create national bibliographies which are of prime need before a part of the intellectual heritage disappears. The need to organize genuine archives has not made itself sufficiently felt. In participating in an international system of information, the underdeveloped countries could thus maximize their resources which are still insufficient.
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74.More information
In the course of the years 1870-80, colonial enterprises developed in several places around the Straits : estates on the East Coast of Sumatra, tin on the Malay peninsula, projects to cut through the isthmus of Kra. Xavier Brau de Saint-Pol Lias (1840-1914) found himself at the intersection of these enterprises which, in Sumatra, failed. His own attempt, called Colons- Explorateurs, established south of Deli, went bad. He tried to take advantage of the Dutch pacification of Aceh to renew the estates there but he did not imagine that the war would be endless. Supported in France by the movement which brought together geography and colonization, he represents a modernized version of the explorer who comes into contact with populations, methodically collects and then, on the wave of the adventure novel, markets his experience to assure its deserved celebrity through his talks, his articles and his books.
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80.More information
Our introduction, which différenciâtes abbreviation from sigla, already identifies sigla as a remake of the explicite designation (1). The examination of contextual situations where both actualizations are to be found together shows that the latter has the property to carac- terize the referent as a known entity. In some cases, the former is even evacuated, above all when the sigla is équivoque -not chosen by chance as anyone, but on a mnemonic purpose- or lower-case. Functioning in an autonomous way, the sigla can become a naming (2-3). We then examine the processes allowing the sigla to be elaborated from the explicite designation ; the autonomous character already evocated is all the more obvious : very often, it is the analytical designation which adapts itself to the synthetical one, considered as a purpose (4). The partition from the basis is made evident when we examine the linguistic combinations which can't accept the basis -for instance "une grosse PME" , "logement HLM"- and the cases when the basis has less meaningful efficiency than the sigla itself, which by itself conveys the meaning -a "SDF" is not a "Sans Domicile Fixe"- (5). We finally examine the way in which commercial tradings are designated ; the sign is no more a sigla, not even a naming ; it becomes the trade-mark itself (6).