Documents found
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116881.More information
In 2016, the National Assembly adopted a new collective bargaining and dispute settlement regime for the municipal sector. Bill 110 can be described as exceptional in that it breaks with the rules governing collective labour relations in this sector which, since 1964, had been an integral part of the Labour Code. The new regime significantly modifies the method of appointing arbitrators called upon to settle disputes between municipal employers and trade unions, particularly those representing police officers and firefighters, and the guiding principles for determining working conditions for all categories of employees. In addition, it introduces several decision-making criteria that limit the discretionary margin of third-party decision-makers. The consequences of these particularities are analyzed in relation to the general framework established by the Code and give rise to a critical look at the mediation and arbitration tools available to the parties to help them settle their disputes, as well as a consideration on the legislative policy concerning labour issues.
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116882.More information
“A bit of sociology takes you away from the law ; a lot of sociology brings you back to the law.” This aphorism sums up the author's career as a law professor. During the first part of his career, at Université Laval, his specialization in legal sociology and his preference for an external approach to law distanced him from positive law as an object of teaching and research. The second part of his career, on the contrary, marks a clear reconciliation with an internal perspective. The author describes the particularities of his contract law course, which he taught for twelve years as part of McGill University's transsystemic law education program : the objective of training in critical legal thinking, the systematic attention to contemporary socio-legal facts that transform contractual practices, and the dialectical confrontation of conventional and alternative contract law theories. In retrospect, the author notes that this pedagogical experience has remained deeply inspired by Georges Gurvitch's legal sociology.
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116883.More information
This study aims to explore the levels of regional disparity in carbon emissions and intensity among different countries. Our study employs the distribution dynamics approach to uncover transition probabilities and the long-term evolution of relative per capita carbon emissions (REPC) and relative carbon intensity (REPGDP) across 204 countries. We split the analysis period into pre-crisis (2000-2007) and post-crisis (2007-2016) and divided countries into four income groups. The results indicate the emergence of new convergence clubs post-crisis in both REPC and REPGDP. Furthermore, the majority (many) of the low- (high) income countries congregate to extremely low (above the global average) REPC levels in the long run. Finally, using mobility probability plots, we identify low-(high-) income countries with REPC (REPGDP) levels of 2.3 (3.8) times the global average to have the highest probabilities of around 100 (65) per cent of diverging further above the worldwide average in the coming years. The study expands knowledge about convergence-divergence patterns in carbon emissions and intensity, which is crucial for energy management and effective climate policies. Moreover, it can aid in climate change projections and promote a fairer climate framework, encouraging high-emission countries to take greater responsibility.
Keywords: Carbon emissions, Global financial crisis, Distribution dynamics, Convergence clubs, Income levels
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116884.More information
Traditionally, human rights activists gathered evidence about violations of particular individuals' human rights to demand that states change their conduct and adopt measures to prevent further violations. Deploying artificial intelligence as part of the decision-making process creates challenges for activists to detect all sources of harm and demand that states take action to address the harms. Abeba Birhane points out that employing artificial intelligence technology can generate harmful impacts that are either difficult to detect or invisible. If harms remain invisible, then it is difficult for human rights defenders to document them. Equally, it becomes challenging to articulate why the harms in question constitute international human rights law violations. As a result, it is harder for human rights defenders to call on states to take action to safeguard fundamental rights. This article puts forward that individuals can make harms arising from the deployment of artificial intelligence as part of the decision-making process more visible by using the theoretical framework of media ecology. It demonstrates that media ecology can provide an additional tool for human rights activists to detect how using artificial intelligence as part of the decision-making process can undermine the enjoyment of a human right. The article uses the right to mental health as a case study to develop this argument. In order to contextualise the analysis, the article focuses on the employment of artificial intelligence to screen candidates for employment as a case study.
Keywords: media ecology, international human rights law, harm, mental integrity, mental well-being, mental health, artificial intelligence technology, decision-making
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116885.More information
What might an anti-capitalist education look like? To address this question, we examine the curricular visions of 56 elementary school teachers in New York City, who were asked to design one lesson on the issue of social class and economic inequality. Grounded in neoliberal racial capitalism and critical geography, our analysis finds that teachers who emphasize specific places -- whether schools, city environments, the national context, or global landscapes – are better able to orient their teaching toward explicitly critical and systemic analyses of economic inequality and its constitutive links to race, gender, and other socio-political hierarchies. Their lessons demonstrate how teaching can disrupt the neoliberal over-reliance on the individual consumer typically found in financial literacy schemes. A presentation of their lessons, seldom found in the existing literature, is followed by a discussion of what a multi-scalar approach to economic inequality can offer to the field of research, teacher education, and teaching.
Keywords: economic inequality, elementary school, critical geography, curriculum, teaching
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116886.More information
The successive transformations of work environments, particularly in terms of technology, prove to be emotionally demanding and are likely to impact worker attitudes and performance. In this context, manager emotional intelligence (EI) has been highlighted as a substantial resource to support and influence their subordinates. However, given the wide range of empirical findings on the potential effects of manager EI on subordinates at work and the variety of measurement instruments for EI, finding information on comprehension of these potential effects in the literature remains a challenge up to now. This systematic review, conducted using the PRISMA 2020 protocol, provides a qualitative synthesis of the potential effects of manager EI on subordinates and on the processes involved, classifying the results based on the three trends of EI. Following the selection and quality assessment process of the studies, a total of 56 studies (1990-2023) were selected. The results reveal that manager EI has a significant potential effect on subordinate performance (individual performance; team performance and effectiveness; innovation creativity and behaviours; organizational citizenship behaviours) in approximately 85% of the studies found. The results also showed that manager EI had a significant potential effect on the attitudes (individual and work group satisfaction; commitment and burnout), affects, and other variables related to subordinates in approximately 92% of the studies. This study comprehensively and accessibly illustrates the potential effects of manager EI on subordinates and provides researchers a starting point to build their study models.
Keywords: Intelligence émotionnelle, gestionnaires, subordonnés, impacts, recension systématique
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116887.More information
The paper presents an extended scheme for the inference to the best explanation (IBE). The scheme precisely treats the epistemic modifiers (“hypothetically,” “plausibly,” “presumably”) of the inference, acknowledges its contrastive nature, clarifies the logical support between premises and conclusions (linked, convergent, and serial support), and introduces additional premises essential for inferring justified conclusions (especially those related to causal explanations and more demanding standards of proof). Overall, it advances the existing schemes for IBE in argumentation theory and treats IBE as a par excellence argumentative, rather than explanatory, form of reasoning.
Keywords: abduction, argument scheme, causation, inference to the best explanation, justification, medicine, pragmatism, presumption
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