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184.More information
ABSTRACTThis paper is an attempt to monitor the economic changes that have resulted from changes in Canadian competitiveness as a result of the FTA. The sources of changes in Canadian manufacturing competitiveness and their structural effects on bilateral and multilateral trade flows are identified.
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185.More information
This study analyzes attitudes towards faculty unions and collective bargaining among faculty and administrators in the United States and Canada. This is the first study which compares support for unionization and collective bargaining in American and Canadian universities among faculty members and administrators. The main research question is: Which factors are the determinants of attitudes towards faculty unions and collective bargaining in American and Canadian universities and colleges? Our hypotheses are that cultural, institutional, political, positional, socio-economic, and academic factors are significant predictors of support for faculty unionization. The academics in Canada are likely to be more supportive of faculty unionism compared to their American counterparts because of differences in national political cultures. Institutional and political factors are also likely to affect such views. This study uses comparative and regression analyses of data from the 1999 North American Academic Study Survey to examine attitudes towards unions and collective bargaining among faculty and administrators in the United States and Canada. The analysis shows that Canadian academics are more supportive of faculty unions and collective bargaining than their American counterparts. These results provide support to the political culture hypothesis. However, the study shows that institutional, political, positional, socio-economic and academic factors are also important in many cases. A faculty bargaining agent on campus is positively associated with favorable views of faculty unions and collective bargaining among American professors and with administrators' support for collective bargaining in both countries. Administrators' opposition is also important, in particular, for attitudes of Canadian faculty. Professors are more pro-union than administrators in both countries. Income, gender, race, age, religion, and academic field, are significant determinants of attitudes of faculty and administrators in the US and Canada in certain cases.
Keywords: faculty, unions, political culture, US, Canada, enseignants, syndicats, culture politique, États-Unis, Canada, facultad, sindicatos, cultura política, EE.UU., Canadá
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186.More information
The reality of prison violence is difficult to measure, as with violence in open settings, but it is undoubtedly underestimated in both cases. Official statistics show that prisoners and guards are victimized by it, the first more intensely than the second. Despite this finding, political authorities are not interested in victimization in prison. Politically non-profitable, consideration of this type of violence would clearly lead to a questioning of its origins and the role prisons play in its manifestations. It is not therefore surprising that politicians refuse to get involved in these issues except when spectacular events engender scandal or public indignation.
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189.More information
Canada is considered a multiracial nation. An important part of its multiracial composition traces back to the 1960s and early 1970s, with changes to immigration regulations and the implementation of its multicultural policy. Interwoven in this multiracial mosaic called Canada is the Black person, whose presence in Canada dates back to the seventeenth century. Yet Black people in Canada are usually treated as newcomers. Among them were Black Barbadians. They came for various reasons, particularly the restructuring of Canada's immigration policy in the 1960s. Prior to the 1960s, Canada's immigration policy was restrictive, especially toward Black and Asian people, with Black people seldom meeting the criteria to gain entry to the country. This paper explores two key reasons that motivated Black Barbadians to migrate to Canada in increased numbers from the mid-1960s to 1990. Specifically, it argues that fundamental changes in the 1960s to Canada's discriminatory immigration policies and the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program were integral in motivating Black Barbadians to choose to migrate.
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190.More information
Launched belatedly in November 2022, Canada's Indo-Pacific Strategy (CIPS) aims to position Canada in the region by targeting five objectives (1 - Peace and Security 2 - Trade 3 - Migration Fluidity 4 – Environment 5 - Engagement). These objectives define Canada's approach, which is both original and similar to other Indo-Pacific Strategies (IPS) launched by several countries. This article compares the CIPS with a dozen other Indo-Pacific strategies around the world, comparing Canada's five objectives to those of other countries, in addition to deciding whether the Chinese challenge is shared by all IPSs, as is the case with Canada. There is little originality in this comparison, except with respect to immigration and interest in the Arctic.
Keywords: Canada, Inde, Chine, États-Unis, Indo-Pacifique, Canada, India, China, United-States, Indo-Pacific