Documents found
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281.More information
SummaryLike most western societies, Canada is facing fundamental societal questions at the present time which have led the state to examinewhat it seems to perceive as a problem of cohesion, as well as the current parameters of citizenship. This paper attempts tothrow light on certain responses which the Canadian state has brought to these questions. By analysing its recent practices anddiscourse in relation to the management of national and cultural diversity, it appears that, far from relaxing criteria and norms forcitizenship as often seen in certain identity claims, the Canadian state has chosen to return to and strengthen the notions and idealsthat have traditionally served as foundations to the image they convey of the Canadian political community.
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282.More information
The Science Council of Canada (1966-1992) operated as an ‘arms-length' agency providing science policy advice and recommendations to the federal government. The Council was always a voice for state interventionism. In the late 1970s, it turned to the politically sensitive issue of industrial policy and advocated a nationalistic, ‘transformative politics' through its defense of technological sovereignty. An examination of its research and policy recommendations, and the controversies they excited, reveals that the Council's struggle against new policy trends in its final years paralleled larger transitions in public perceptions of the role of government in Canadian society. Its 1992 dissolution symbolized Canada's reorientation from a state-directed to a market-oriented approach to science and technology policy-making. This paper reviews the Council's guiding philosophy and discusses its history within two larger contexts: the Canadian political debate over continentalism, and evolving conceptions of science, technology, and innovation, and the prospects for their management.
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284.More information
Relations between Canada and the European Union have historically struggled to be more than one based on reciprocal commercial interests. In the hope of pushing this partnership to a new level, both parties have recently ratified a Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement and a Strategic Partnership Agreement. In light of these evolutions, this article raises two questions: what challenges is the EU confronted with when it comes to strengthening its strategic links with Canada? To what extent do the perceptions of local actors match the official discourse that the EU and Canada are reliable strategic partners? Based on an analysis of three groups of stakeholders in the partnership - print media, public opinion and elites - the article highlights three challenges that constitute a significant obstacle for a reinforced partnership: the central position that the United States occupy in the political and economic Canadian landscape, the negative impact of the various crises experienced by the EU over the past decade, and the difficulty for Europeans to shape a clear message that resonates with a diverse and multilevel Canadian audience.
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285.More information
The Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of America for cooperation in the examination of refugee status claims from nationals of third countries (Safe Third Country Agreement) has been subject to criticism since its adoption. Aimed at addressing asylum shopping, the agreement prevents asylum seekers, who have transited through one country, from applying for asylum in the other, subject to certain exceptions. The fact that the agreement applies only to land border ports of entry has led to an increase in irregular entries into Canada, particularly since 2017. The agreement has been the subject of numerous legal challenges. Against this backdrop, the authors analyze the implementation of the agreement in Canadian law and the issues it raises. They argue that the agreement is counterproductive, as if fails to effectively promote the orderly processing of refugee claims from the United States. They also examine the historical background of the numerous legal challenges to the agreement, including the latest Federal Court decision of 2020 which found that the agreement violates section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
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286.More information
From the 1960s through the 1980s, Canadian scientists, resource managers, and computer experts collaborated on two linked undertakings: the Canada Land Inventory (CLI) and the Canada Geographic Information System. CLI was an extensive project that assessed the state of key resources across much of the country, while CGIS was a pioneering effort at computerizing CLI data to support decision-making about resource use. Fundamental components of the Agricultural Rehabilitation and Development Act, CLI and CGIS reflect Canadian innovation in new information-management tools designed to facilitate state goals. This paper examines the production and affordances of CLI and CGIS, and considers the renewed optimism and collaborative relationships that emerged from them. It also examines historical concerns over the limitations of these technologies and explores how CLI and CGIS were oriented to change over space, not time. Ultimately, these technological innovations served to naturalize patterns of inequality and normalize urban-industrial modernity.
Keywords: Canada Land Inventory, GIS, ARDA, rational management, modernity
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288.More information
The purpose of this article is to describe programs and strategies dissuasive of Aboriginal youth gang involvement. Individual approaches target areas such as antisocial behavior, personal challenges, and negative thinking patterns. Family-orientated approaches reaffirm family values as a means to deter youth from gang association. Providing positive opportunities for youth to interact with community role models and to partake in community programs are also dissuasive to the proliferation of Aboriginal youth gangs. Although information herein is intended to tackle Aboriginal youth gang issues, it can also be useful in addressing peripheral social issues within communities, in general.
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289.More information
The extent of the linguistic division in Canada is revealed comparing the attitudes of francophones, anglophones and allophones in Quebec and in the rest of the country, with reference to three dimensions of Canadian political life: national identity, party orientations and feelings toward the English Canadians, the French Canadians and the Americans. The fundamental division sets apart francophones in Quebec from non-francophones in the rest of Canada. Mutual feelings between francophones and anglophones are neither very warm nor very cold. The most profound divisions which occur are related to the status of French. Finally, the passing of Bill 178 by the government of Quebec seems to have had little influence on the feeling of English Canadians toward French Canadians.
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290.