Documents found
-
351.More information
This article assesses the growth in real wages of workers in Canada from the beginning of the 20th century to 2013, considering the wages of both unionized and non-unionized workers. This growth is compared with the increase in labour productivity, testing Robert Solow's economic theory suggesting that real wages increase at the same rate as labour productivity. The wage growth is examined during three time periods based on the dominant modes of industrial relations regulation: 1900-1939, 1940-1979 and 1980-2013. The first phase, that of liberalism, was ruled by linked to free labour market and the beginnings of unionization, The second in an area of Keynesian ideas, is characterized by union activism and help of the state. The third, in the assertion of neoliberalism, saw the decline of trade unionism and the support provided by governments. Our analysis brought out three important factors influencing wage determination: 1- economic growth; 2- state action; and 3- union activism.Our research shows that the average real wages of workers in Canada have hardly increased beyond inflation over the last three decades despite an increase in labour productivity. This quasi-freeze in the purchasing power can be related to changes in the erosion of the balance of the balance between labour and management and the neoliberal values prevailing in governments.On the other hand, the years prior 1980's evolved in a completely different light, with employees benefitting from economic growth and increased labour productivity. Following the Second World War, the purchasing power of employees more than doubled while they also enjoyed a decrease in their working hours and numerous social benefits. This progress was the result of strong economic growth, a higher rate of unionization and Keynesian government policies focused on stimulating consumption. As for the period from 1901 to 1940, employees also benefitted from industrial development, even though the relations that determined hiring and working conditions were mainly based on free market rules. During this period, state action remained marginal, but some unions were successful in imposing collective bargaining.
Keywords: salaire réel, croissance, rémunération, syndicalisme, négociation collective, État, real wage, economic growth, remuneration, unionism, collective bargaining, salario real, crecimiento económico, remuneración, sindicalismo, negociación colectiva
-
352.More information
The double taxation of income constitutes a barrier to international trade and investments. In order to prevent or to remedy the problems resulting from this barrier, States use to negotiate double taxation conventions. Double taxation conventions have also been negotiated by Canada. As of August 1, 1987, 45 double taxation conventions were in force in Canada. The main purpose of this article is to overview the main aspects of the Canadian double taxation conventions from their negotiation to their administration.
-
353.More information
Labour and the Gérin-Lajoie doctrine share an intimate story. Ratification of conventions adopted by the International Labour Organization (ILO) has been instrumental in the recognition of the exclusive power of Provinces to implement treaties concluded by Canada in provincial jurisdictions. This power has been used by Quebec to affirm the Gérin-Lajoie doctrine, according to which it has the power to sign international ententes within its jurisdictions. Until recently, Quebec has not been very active internationally in the field of labour. The situation has evolved in relation with ratification of ILO conventions by Canada and side-agreements on labour signed together with free-trade agreements. Also, few international ententes signed by Quebec deal with labour-related issues. The landscape is changing, however, regarding access to labour market and attraction of migrant workers, as best illustrated by the 2008 entente with France on mutual recognition of professional qualifications.
-
354.More information
The Auditor General sought information related to the acquisition of the shares and assets of a company by Petro-Canada, a Crown corporation. He succeeded at the Federal Court, Trial Division, but failed in the Federal Court of Appeal notwithstanding a strong dissenting opinion. Every judge agreed that the solution to the issue was to be found in the nature and extent of the responsibilities of the Auditor General, but expressed contrary opinions as to this nature and extent. The author reviews these decisions and suggests to interpret the responsibilities of the Auditor General in a broad manner.
-
355.More information
This article deals with migration in two Canadian regions that both have a large Francophone minority. Because they are located at some distance from the major centres of the country and dependant on natural resources, out-migration benefiting provincial centres in the south has existed for a long time. What is the magnitude of these migratory flows? Are there any general trends? How are young people affected by these migrations? Where do the migrants go? Answers to these questions will enable us to see how migration affects the economic and demolinguistic vitality of these two regions.
Keywords: minorités linguistiques, flux migratoires, vieillissement démographique, régions de ressources, attrait urbain, linguistic minorities, migration flows, demographic ageing, resource regions, urban attraction
-
359.More information
This article shows how Trans Canada Air Lines (now Air Canada) navigated celebrating Canada's geography while eliminating it using modern communications technologies in its midcentury public-facing material. TCA worked explicitly with modern and high-modern discourse of “space” and “time,” manipulating the historical and geographic imaginary to position itself as a natural part of the Canadian envirotechnical landscape. In so doing, TCA also self-fashioned as the gatekeeper of geographic experiences in the form of aerial views. By embracing a new technological system—aviation—and a new type of environment—the geographic imaginary—this article pushes the boundaries of envirotech and argues that the Canadian tendency towards both geographic and technological nationalism is, at its center, an envirotechnical relationship.
Keywords: Trans Canada Airlines, aviation, advertising, technology, environment, modernity
-
360.More information
This article seeks to retrace the first attempts to study and practice bilingualism and biculturalism in Canada before the Laurendeau-Dunton Commission. The study of those attempts offers a clearer picture of the intellectual history of the 1960s, a decade that saw multiple calls to create a Canada more respectful of its two founding people, calls that culminated in the creation of the Laurendeau-Dunton Commission. This commission assembled a network of intellectuals that had already been mobilized in the preceding years on the questions that would occupy it: duality, bilingualism and biculturalism.