Documents found
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34.More information
AbstractOne of the major changes in the last decade in the character of Chinese migration to Vancouver and to Canada as a whole is that mainland Chinese migrants have become the largest source of Chinese immigrants arriving in Canada. In Vancouver, mainland Chinese migrants have become the largest group within the Chinese Canadian community. This paper explains the historical background for the change and analyzes the motivations behind mainland Chinese migration to Vancouver and British Columbia. It points out that most recent migrants from mainland China have come from a middle class background. Poverty, family union, and political dissent are no longer major driving forces in peoples' decisions to migrate. In the 1990s and 2000s, mainland migrants have sought to better their natural and social environments, and to achieve a higher quality of life for themselves and their children. Prospective migrants to Canada view the existence of a large Chinese community in Vancouver as an important attraction, providing new immigrants with certain conveniences in everyday life and various job opportunities.
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35.More information
On the one hand, technological advances and their enthusiastic uptake by government entities are seen as a push toward a Canadian dystopic state, with friendly bureaucrats being replaced by impassive machines. On the other hand, embracing technology is considered a confident move of the Canadian administrative state toward an utopian low-cost, high-impact decision making process. I will suggest in this paper that the truth—for the moment, at least—lies somewhere between the extremes of dystopia and utopia. In the federal public administration, technology is being deployed in a variety of areas, but rarely, if ever, displacing human decision making. Indeed, technology tends to be leveraged in areas of public policy that don't involve any settling of benefits, statuses, licenses, and so on. We are still a long way from sophisticated machine learning tools deciding whether marriages are genuine, whether taxpayers are compliant or whether nuclear facilities are safe. The reality is more down to earth. In this paper, I map out the uses of algorithms and machine learning in the federal public administration in Canada. I will briefly explain my methodology in Part I; in Part II, I identify seven different use cases, which I describe with the aid of representative examples, and offer some critical reflections.
Keywords: automated decision-making, public administration, artificial intelligence, machine learning, prise de décision automatisée, administration publique, intelligence artificielle, apprentissage automatique
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40.More information
The federal government's municipal infrastructure programs are a good illustration of the evolution of multi-level governance in Canada, as they involve sharing responsibilities between the three levels of government: federal, provincial and municipal. In this study, I investigate the impact of these programs on the intergovernmental dynamics occurring between these three levels of government. My analysis is primarily a historical review of public policy instruments and institutional arrangements in municipal infrastructure spending. The first research question focuses on the resilience of multi-level governance: are these programs becoming permanent or can they easily be eliminated according to the political context? The second relates to the policy instruments: what are the institutional arrangements and the form of intergovernmental agreements in place that allow the federal government to intervene in the municipal infrastructure sector? To analyze the policy instruments, a typology based on three funding models is developed.