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121.More information
Korea has long been described as a “hermit kingdom” by Western societies. This perception was maintained until the turn of the 20th century. A number of political transformations challenged Korea's policy of isolation. This isolation helped to awaken a certain curiosity about Korea among Europeans. Through missionaries, scientific expeditions, trade missions, geographical missions and literature, France contributed greatly to the Western world's knowledge of Korea, and by extension, to the production of representations and a discourse on Korean society and culture. When formal diplomatic relations were established between France and Korea in 1876, the France of the Third Republic was also a France that was expanding into new colonial spaces. This article reflects on the margins of France, and in particular on colonial space as a space for the production of an idea of the Orient. As such, this article takes a look at French Indochina and its position - as a colonial space, a marginal space of France - but also as a foreground space and as such a space of translation and production of a specific imaginary of the Orient. In short, this article aims to highlight the contribution of French Indochina to the constitution of the cultural imaginary of Korea for France and the French-speaking world.
Keywords: la culture coréenne, Korean culture, Indochine française, French Indochina, l’espace culturel, cultural space
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122.More information
The international legal framework governing economic relations has undergone significant transformation in recent decades. New economic and trade partnership agreements increasingly encompass non-commercial considerations, including the protection of human rights. The most influential of these agreements, due to the economic power of their signatories, have the potential to establish global standards. The Indo-Pacific region is emerging as the primary battleground for competition among major global trading powers, notably the European Union and the United States, in shaping 21st-century trade norms. In this geographic zone, which has become a pivotal region in the global economy, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is at the heart of developing new regionalism. China and India are also undeniable powers in the region, each implementing its own strategy and approach. Human rights have long been a point of contention among states in this region. The introduction of so-called Western values into this region through commercial negotiations will undoubtedly have impacts on regional dynamics and national policies. This article compares European and American approaches to incorporating human rights considerations into trade agreements with Indo-Pacific countries and examines their impacts on the region's economic integration in the context of rivalry between great economic powers.
Keywords: accords commerciaux régionaux (ACR), accords de libre-échange (ALE), droits humains, Indo-Pacifique, développement durable, Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), Human Rights, Indo-Pacific, Sustainable Development
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