Documents found
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2071.
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2072.
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2073.
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2074.More information
While almost nobody was talking about social enterprises and social entrepreneurship just fifteen years ago, the concepts of social enterprises and social entrepreneurship are making an astonishing breakthrough on almost every continent. The most sophisticated research is being done in Europe and the United States, but it developed separately with little contact between the two regions for nearly ten years. In the first part of this article, we look at how these concepts first appeared on the two sides of the Atlantic. We then go into more detail about the EMES approach, which is firmly rooted in a European context. Lastly, we examine how the schools of thought differ on the key issues discussed in the field today.
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2075.More information
For nearly a century, cooperatives have played an important role in the agricultural and food industry in France. Since the early 1990s, concentration among agricultural cooperatives has markedly increased. The aim of our work is to analyse this process of concentration (through mergers and acquisitions) of agricultural cooperatives. Our empirical work is based on 14 mergers of cooperative wine producers in the Languedoc-Roussillon region between 2004 and 2010. The main findings show that there are different kinds of merger processes. Some mergers are simply an emergency measure to save failing businesses, while others respond to local policies. Lastly, some mergers are based on real strategic planning to achieve synergies between the cooperatives involved.
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2076.More information
AbstractMinorities, in contemporary States, are both inferior in number and in status. Liberal State, such as France, negates the legal existence of minorities but does recognize them de facto. Corporate State, such as Canada and Quebec, divides its population in three different groups: Amerindians, founding people, others. Amerindians and founding people have exclusive rights, other, the minorities, negative ones (non-distrimination, education) and a few positive ones (affirmative action). Definition of minorities leads to reserved rights with their ad hoc policies and administrations. Paradoxically, liberal State treats with pragmatism minorities whose existence it denies whereas corporate State multiplies the distinctions between groups within society, making minorities even more marginalized.
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2078.More information
AbstractIf allegory is an extended metaphor, as classical rhetoric would have it, we should have to start by studying it. The system of the µ group, which I have elsewhere examined and tried to amend, steers clear of this traditional terminology ; however, should such a system still be relevant to linguistic rhetoric, correlations must be found. While pictorial metaphors, contrary to verbal metaphors, are almost entirely a kind of primary iconicity, the allegory must, in both cases, be based on secondary iconicity. The expression primary iconicity is used to describe the case in which similarity precedes and determines the sign function, as opposed to secondary iconicity, used when similarity can only be perceived thanks to the sign function. Nevertheless, I will try to show that, in the case of pictures, allegory may more easily turn into " symbol ", in the sense in which this term was opposed to allegory by the Romantics. My argument is based on the distinction made by Lessing between two modes of representation reconceived in terms of modern semiotics.
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2079.More information
The initial conception of governance as defined by the World Bank in 1992 and inspired in a normative perspective by the Washington Consensus was implying a retreat of the state in a process in which actors of various kinds were invited to provide answers to the efficiency and legitimacy deficit faced by several countries. More recently, in 2010, the adoption by the G20 of the Seoul Consensus indicates a new step in the conception of governance, moving away from the Washington Consensus approach. The aim of this contribution is to analyze the reasons of the shift from one consensus to the other and to clarify more specifically what such an evolution implies for the place of the state in governance. To this end, the present reflection investigates the limits of governance as implemented according to its initial conception and reveals some alterations of the international system, notably the advent of emerging powers, in a context of multiple crisis, in order to underline their consequences on the states. These elements lead to reconsider the place of the state in global governance, more specifically with reference to the Seoul Consensus.
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2080.