Documents found
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2233.More information
This article is a geopolitical analysis ofTurkey taking Zbignew Brzezinski'sbook The Grand Chessboard : American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperativesas a starting point. In his book, Zbignew Brzezinski successively characterizes Turkey as a «first-class geopolitical pivot » and an « important geostrategic actor in the Eurasian Balkans region ». Those two characterizations are illustrated and thoroughly analysed here. Despite the disappearance of the URSS, Turkey is still an important geopolitical pivot. If its role as a guard of the Western worldfacing the big Northern power has evolved quite a bit, the redeployment towards the Middle East still grants Turkey a key position in the region. The term regional geostrategic actor is more controversial. Indeed, from the Balkans to Cyprus to Central Asia, Turkey is able to demonstrate its influence. But is it only a sporadic influence, exerted over well-defined spaces, or even a potential influence ? The case of Central Asia is a telling one here; in the early 1990's, Ankara had to switch from illusions to realism vis-à-vis the « Turkish world ». In addition, growing domestic issues such as the Kurdish problem, the sphere of influence of Islam in thepolitical System, the development ofa mafia, and the social and economic disparities, may undermine Turkey's external influence.
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2235.More information
The end of the cold war has put into question the geopolitical outlook the United States had developed within the bipolar system. In South Asia, India was deemed as irrelevant or unreliable for the Washington strategic interests; as a result, the United States had provided a consistent support to Pakistan. In the 1990s, India has been trying to assert itself as a regional power. So far the American reaction has been negative for three reasons: 1. Skepticism with respect to India's governability (Atul Kohli, 1991); 2. Willingness to promote Pakistan, as well as Turkey, as a moderate islamic State model ; 3. Persistence of policy makers' perceptions. By the summer of 1997, the Washington State Department may have started a reassessment. But if India is trying contention, the United States still expect compliance.
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2237.More information
Within the context of the geography of globalization, it seems interesting to study conference tourism, an activity which is essentially based on human, economic, scientific and cultural flows. But, due to many problems linked to terminology and the lack of coherent statistics protocols, the subject is a rather delicate one. This paper proposes, on one hand, to clarify definitions and terminology, as well as to characterize sources of information. On the other hand, we will examine the distribution of international meetings in order both to reveal continental and state dynamics and to analyze the network of cities Worldwide.
Keywords: tourisme, congrès, réunions, méthodologie, terminologie, statistiques, villes, mondialisation, tourism, conference, methodology, terminology, statistics, cities, globalization
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2239.
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2240.More information
Established by the Kyoto protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows developed countries to meet part of their commitments to reduce their greenhouse gases emissions (GHGE) by investing in projects carried out in developing countries. So, developed countries can receive certified emissions reduction corresponding to the volume of GHGE avoided or reduced in developing countries, and developing countries can claim a clean development. The use of CDM has drawn a lot of criticism and even controversies: unproven GHGE reduction, weak transfer of clean technologies, uneven geographical and sectoral distribution of projects, lack of sustainable development that CDM projects are expected to generate in developing countries, etc.This paper identifies and assesses these criticisms, using two newsletters reporting on the implementation of CDM projects in the world (Nouvelles Francophones du marché du carbone et du MDP, and Moniteur du MDP et de la Mise en Oeuvre Conjointe). Criticisms identified and assessed were confronted with expert opinions of two International Non Governmental Organisations (INGO) specialised on the monitoring of the CDM implementation: CDM Watch and NOE 21. Interviews with managers of these INGO have permitted to evaluate the relevance of criticisms and the purpose and scope of the CDM. The results of this study raise questions about the effectiveness and the efficiency of the CDM, and about reforms proposed to ensure a better contribution of this mechanism to efforts to reduce GHGE.
Keywords: Mécanisme pour un Développement Propre (MDP), transfert de technologie, développement durable, émissions de gaz à effet de serre, protocole de Kyoto, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), technology transfer, sustainable development, greenhouse gases emissions, Kyoto protocol