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This article examines the French Canadian participation in the Boer War (1899-1902) and the place that the war occupies in Quebec's collective memory. An analysis of the provinces major dailies reveals that, contrary to popular belief, a majority of French Canadians cautiously supported Sir Wilfrid Laurier's war policy, at least during the conflicts first months. Moreover, a number of French-speaking Catholics served in the Canadian contingent, at times with great distinction. Over time, French Canadian support and participation in the Boer War has been obscured by three factors: the enduring legacy of wartime imperialist rhetoric, the relative absence of French Canadian participation in the establishment of Canada's regular forces, and French Canadian (and later Quebec) nationalist discourse, which over-emphasised conflict between Anglophones and Francophones.

Wheareas the R&D activities get more and more global, we still have little insights or research results about how international R&D units' genesis – meaning how they emerge and grow. Relying on a longitudinal analysis of two cases in the automotive industry, this article provides such insights. We show that the internationalization of R&D combines three constitutive mechanisms of an “organized proximity” (1), competence building (2) new routines building and (3) internal and external legitimacy building. These mechanisms drive the empowerment of the unit on a multi-year timeframe. They also allow to enriching and reorient the missions of these R&D offshore units.

Keywords: Internationalisation, R&D, capacité, routine, légitimité, proximité organisée, internationalization, R&D, capability, routine, legitimacy, organized proximity, internacionalización, I + D, capacidad, rutina, legitimidad, proximidad organizada

This article aims to describe how maps are used in teaching (elementary school social studies classes and secondary school history and geography classes) at Francophone schools in a linguistic minority community. Nineteen semi-structured interviews were recorded with teachers. The thematic and interpretative analysis showed that most of the teaching focused on the location of places and the reproduction of existing maps while few teachers spoke about analysis, interpretation, and the creation of maps. The teachers highlighted challenges they faced when using maps in the classroom such as the lack of training specific to teaching with maps, the absence of adequate material, the diversity of students' learning styles, and students' lack of basic knowledge. These challenges do not allow the teachers to help pupils develop the outcomes aimed for in the curricula.

The inter-organizational relationships are experiencing a transition in their forms, from simple relationships of dyadic alliances to more increasingly complex network relationships. This article aims at understanding performance of firms which are embedded in networks structures through exploring structural characteristics that would likely explain the effect of such network configurations on this performance. By focusing on a 1132 observation sample set out of 1112 alliances, our longitudinal study (2000-2015) concerns 47 networks established by 87 firms belonging to different sectors. The analysis revealed that, unlike network size, network diversity and network position seem to be the structural characteristics that constitute an important source of firms' performance.

Keywords: Approches réseaux, Taille, Diversité, Centralité, Portefeuille réticulaire, Networks approaches, Size, Diversity, Centrality, Network portfolio, establecimiento de redes, tamaño, diversidad, centralización, cartera reticular

Proportionality has the wind in its sails, to say the least! Ever since its introduction in Quebec's Code of Civil Procedure, the proportionality principle has been ingrained in the law and in our minds (art 4.2 CCP). This reality can only be reinforced with the adoption of the new Code of Civil Procedure, which truly transforms proportionality into a philosophy. Be that as it may, there is a path that leads to every success, and this notion certainly holds true for proportionality. From the Code of Hammurabi to Prussian administrative law, from the Ancients to the Enlightenment, proportionality has permeated the law since time immemorial, albeit under various names. This article proposes a history of proportionality in the legal context. This ambitious—even risky—objective is divided into three periods. First, the premodern stage highlights the first steps of proportionality, in both the philosophical and normative senses. Second, the modern stage reveals the different applications of proportionality in the public and private law spheres. Third, the postmodern stage is defined by the exponential expansion of proportionality in all branches of the law and juridical orders. In the end, this article seeks to show that, although proportionality might be a fragmented area of research, its parts have much in common.

The École de bibliothéconomie was founded in 1961 to train professional librarians for Québec and French-speaking Canada. Since then, the school also trains information professionals and archivists. After four decades of operation, it can be said that the school has reached a level of maturity. This article highlights the important milestones of its history and underscores its contribution to the training of professional librarians, information specialists and archivists for Québec, French-speaking Canada, and other francophone nations over the past forty years.