Search Results

Based on Canadian census microdata, this paper analyzes income inequality between native-born Canadians and immigrants from developing countries as well as discrimination against immigrants in the labor market. Our results clearly show that there is a disparity in income between the native-born and non-Western immigrants and that this disparity results from differences in characteristics between the three groups and unobservable factors, such as discrimination. Deskilling of immigrants is unequally distributed according to their origin.

Keywords: Immigrants, revenu, capital humain, discrimination, Canada, Immigrants, income, human capital, discrimination, Canada

The interest for corruption by academics and policy makers has generated a growing body of literature since the end of the Cold War. This paper presents a literature review on the economics of corruption with an emphasis on solutions to fight corruption. Even though an important mass of information on the subject exists, researchers have focused more on identifying the effects of corruption and less on potential anticorruption solutions. I focus on approaches devised to combat corruption, suggested in economics and other disciplines, and point to some directions for future research on anticorruption solutions.

Feminist analysis has paid particular attention to the study of sexuality and human behavior in biomedical sciences. This article examines feminist biomedical scientific productions from the perspective of two objectives that underpin the feminist epistemological project : first, identification of sexism and androcentrism in scientific practice ; second, proposal and support of feminist scientific practice committed to the liberation of women in a perspective of social and political equality, namely through explaining how morally and politically engaged proposals enable the production of a new mode of knowledge (Anderson, 1995). After reviewing the origins and nature of “reformist” feminist criticism, this text focuses on “revolutionary” criticism by mobilizing social epistemologies, notably that of Longino. How do “feminist epistemologies” participate in a transformation of scientific practice (in social as well biomedical sciences) and thus in production of a new form of knowledge ?

Keywords: publications féministes, sciences et techniques, recherche biomédicale, épistémologies féministes, feminist publications, science and technology, biomedical research, feminist epistemologies, publicaciones feministas, ciencia y tecnología, investigación biomédica, epistemologías feministas

In 2002, the Power 100, a yearly ranking of the art world's most influential people, was published for the first time. Bringing together a few artists, but also gallerists, auction house directors, collectors, museum directors and curators, commissioners and art critics, this ranking can be subjected to a sociological analysis. Position or role in the art world, gender (man or woman), but also country represent three important factors to better understand how power is organized in the international contemporary art world. In addition, to the extent that this ranking aimed at revealing power in the art world — involving especially the power of labelling and recognizing artists — exists simultaneously with that of the most renowned artists, it becomes possible to test the bourdieusian homology hypothesis between the features of those who build the reputations and those who receive them, i.e. the artists.

Keywords: art contemporain, pouvoir, palmarès, genre, internationalisation, arte contemporáneo, poder, palmarés, género, internacionalización, contemporary art, power, ranking, gender, globalisation

Montreal's 1955 Tramway Riot remains an unknown chapter of the city's history. Preceded by two days of demonstrations, the riot paralyzed the city and caused significant property damage. It also brought together students and so-called young “hooligans” in the street, provoking various reactions from the municipal authorities, the press, and academics. Sympathetic with the “elitist bad behavior” of the students, these authorities harshly judged the other participants in the riot, revealing their hierarchical conception of the social order. Although students from the University of Montreal and McGill University shared in part this understanding, they also used the riot to trigger an important discussion about the autonomy and agency of the student body in the city. By appropriating urban space, showing the need for a wider student movement, and imagining a place for themselves in a different future, they became actors on the municipal scene.

The article focuses on the compared evolution of the use of the notions of multifunctionality and environmental service in agricultural policy. It has been observed that the SE is not a substitute to the MFA, although the concepts of ecosystem and environmental services are strengthening while multifunctionality is disappearing. Different actors have mobilized these two kinds of concepts which have got parallel histories. The reasons for their reverse development paths must be sought in their coherence with the new normative corpus which is emerging at international level and is governing the agricultural, forest and environmental public interventions.

Keywords: Services environnementaux, agriculture, multifonctionnalité, services écosystémiques, politiques publiques, foresterie, Ecosystem services, environmental services, agriculture, multifonctionality, forest, policy

The definition of environmental policies in developing countries is affected by globalization of such issues and the change in governments' interventions. Based on regulatory approaches for ages, environmental policy tends nowadays to promote more incentive tools called market-bases instruments.This article aims at illustrating the trend in Cambodia from data field surveys conducted in 2010 with a sample of local stakeholders: policy makers, NGO officers and donors. The objective is to understand the emergence of the pair of notions eco-system services (ES) and payment for environmental services (PES) in conservation policies implemented in the country (areas of biodiversity and carbon sequestration mainly) and international influence in this process.The paper shows that the initial conservation strategies based on regulatory approaches with the establishment of protected areas, have had mixed success in particular to reduce deforestation. Over the recent years, the concept of SE has been quickly circulated within government offices (Forestry Administration, Ministry of Environment). Number of conservation projects conducted by international NGOs (such as CI, WCS) has also sought to recognize the value of protected ecosystems. In this objective, they have experienced payment devices to rural/forest communities sitting on environmentally-friendly practices related to the conservation of fragile habitats. Cambodian legal framework has not yet recognized, so far, the concept of PES (based on the beneficiary pays principle) and significant obstacles remain in the development of such mechanisms on a large scale.

Keywords: Cambodge, Paiements pour Services Environnementaux (PSE), politiques publiques, services environnementaux (SE), Cambodia, ecosystem Services (ES), Payment for Environmental Services (PES), public policies

Putting closely humans and ecosystems, ecosystem services cause a reversal of perspective : nature is no longer considered for itself, but for the benefits it provides to humans. This new perspective, which signs the recognition of a form of human dependence on nature, paves the way for a new legal approach to issues related to ecosystems and biodiversity. It may affect the possible responses of Law to environmental protection and appears to be vector of new approaches, new methods of intervention of Law, in particular the possible emergence of a "legal gradient". The combining of the legal discipline and payments for environmental services precisely highlights this new opportunity.

Keywords: paiement pour service environnementaux, services écosystémiques, adaptabilité du droit, flexibilité du droit, gradient de juridicité, théorie du droit, outils juridiques, droit de l'environnement, biodiversité, payment for ecosystem services, ecosystem services, Law adaptability, law flexibility, legal gradient, legal theory, legal tools, environmental law, biodiversity

Over the last few years the concept of naturel capital has emerged as a key concept for influencing environmental decision-making choices. Intended to raise awareness of the limited state of our resources, it's now also synonymous with the economic valuation of nature. This conception of nature is nevertheless considered to be simplistic insofar as it merely highlights the benefits provided to human society. Without mentioning this concept at the heart of the legal text, law nevertheless contributes to the development of tools to address these two complementary facets of natural capital.

Keywords: ressources, biodiversité, services écosystémiques, paiements pour services environnementaux, stock, financiarisation, actifs naturels, capital naturel, resources, biodiversity, Ecosystem services, payments for environnmental services, stock, financialisation, natural assets, natural capital

The double taxation of income constitutes a barrier to international trade and investments. In order to prevent or to remedy the problems resulting from this barrier, States use to negotiate double taxation conventions. Double taxation conventions have also been negotiated by Canada. As of August 1, 1987, 45 double taxation conventions were in force in Canada. The main purpose of this article is to overview the main aspects of the Canadian double taxation conventions from their negotiation to their administration.