Search Results

The external action of French regional authorities is an old and well-established policy. The Régions, established in 1982, are the youngest French regional authority entities. Upon their creation, they developed ambitious international action, marked by decentralized cooperation development relations. Since 2016, there has been a turning point in internationalization regional policies that are moving from international solidarity to pro-domo interest: priority for economic regional attractiveness, development and influence, shifting intervention towards emerging countries and ceasing relations with regional authorities in developing countries. According to numerous observers, these evolutions may be explained by financial constraints, the generational change in elected representatives and the perceived social requirement for returning to the French regions. It mainly questions the role of the regions as main actors to contribute in meeting the world challenges in the fields of climate, migrations, security, fight against inequality and development.

The greatest financial and economic crisis since 1930’s has disoriented the financial system and plunged the real economy into recession. As a result of the financial crisis, a massive deterioration of public finances has heavily struck several European countries that are members of the euro zone, which has led to a serious questioning of the European single currency credibility.The financial turbulences and the euro crisis have revealed the weaknesses of the European construction and at the same time they have insufflated an awareness of the need for acting together. The period 2008-2011 has set the image of the European Union as a political construction which evolves by crises. The latter have served as a driving force behind an integration capable of triggering a reform dynamics considered impossible since the failure of the French and Dutch referendums on the European constitution in 2005.Our paper aims at facilitating the understanding of the crisis which the European Union is coming across and at providing an overview of the reforms adopted to overcome the crisis.

Keywords: Finances publiques, politique budgétaire, sortie de crise, Public finance, budget policy, way out of crisis

Vietnam has recently negotiated and signed a dozen free trade agreements with its major trading partners. Health and environmental rules in these agreements establish equivalent or better protections than the WTO's SPS Agreement and multilateral environmental agreements. But there are questions about effective implementation in the Vietnamese context, due to a lack of significant rules in this area and to other challenges specific to this country.

Gabrielle Roy's sixth novel, La rivière sans repos, has received little attention from either literary critics or from the public since its publication in 1970. This article proposes a fresh reading of the novel in order to demonstrate that, in a number of ways, Gabrielle Roy's story of Elsa, an Inuit woman, was ahead of its time. Following a brief overview of the genesis of the novel, we shall consider the key elements of Roy's themes: Elsa's conflict of identity and her utter confusion when placed in contact with two opposing cultures, ancient and modern: the confrontation between traditional Inuit values perceived as inferior and the “superior” modern values of progress, science, medicine and materialism. We shall then explore how Roy's depiction of the landscape of the North underpins the Inuit characters, anchoring them symbolically in their world. This study demonstrates that Roy was acutely aware of the racism and other injustices of Canada's colonial system. Rather than denounce them openly in her novel, however, the author invites us to read between the lines to discover the ideological significance contained in the novel.

AbstractIn this paper we compare languages having the same origin and others with different roots so as to demonstrate what they have in common and how they differ for the purpose of machine translation. In doing so, we will revisit the notions of ‘word' and ‘part of speech'. These comparisons demonstrate how different are the views of the world through civilisations, and their impact on the structure of languages (compounds, idioms, proverbs will served our demonstration). Arabic, Chinese, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Sanskrit, Spanish, Thai and Turkish will be at the basis of our studies. These comparisons aim at showing through examples how dictionaries should be organised and how to obtain acceptable translations made by machine.

Keywords: traduction multilingue, dictionnaires, parties du discours, segments, phraséologie

This article deals with the conditions of production of an area of knowledge linking feminism to cultural pluralism. It is based on a study of immigrant women identity strategies in the Sherbrooke area, an experience which involved women as researchers, interviewers, and participant-subjects. The article explains the principles and strategies of the feminist approach and the intercultural current which informed methodological choices. It also analyzes the difficulties and uncertainties which confront researchers engaged in the production of knowledge linking women and culture. The authors emphasize, as the "analyzer" of this process, the entire range of interactions produced within and between the three groups of women in the study.

Keywords: Chine, think tanks, Xi Jinping, diplomatie, guānxì (关系), méthodologie, politique étrangère