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This article proposes an analytical introspection on the photovoice approach and its potential to bring out the "voice" of immigrants in a different way. These reflections are rooted in a research project on the perceptions and experiences of reception by newcomers in two Montreal territories (Canada), where we asked participants to identify spaces they perceived as welcoming or less welcoming. In this current article, the discussion is based on two elements of our method. One analytical result diverged from the literature on "welcoming communities" (Esses et al): the importance of spaces with aesthetic value and spaces with emotional potential in the development of a sense of social well-being in the neighborhood; also, the different ways in which participants adapt and appropriate the methodological approach in their own way. We conclude on the challenges and on certain epistemological issues related to the individuals' capacity to speak within the Photovoice framework.

Keywords: Photovoice, Photovoice, immigration, immigration, épistémologie, epistemology, neighbourhood, quartier, visual methods, méthodes visuelles

The family learning approach, home education, or homeschooling is an alternative pedagogical choice that enables parents to take charge of their school-aged child’s education by replacing full-time school attendance. Scientific research on the family learning approach is emerging and mainly conducted and published in English-speaking contexts. This article presents a brief concept note of recent and international scientific literature on the family learning approach in order to identify studied dimensions and current knowledge. The following themes are addressed: history, current picture, place in society, and issues of the family learning approach.

Keywords: family learning approach, homeschooling, home education, home-based education, alternative education, apprentissage en famille, homeschooling, école à la maison, éducation à domicile, éducation alternative

Margaret Doxey has argued that there exists a "rhetoric gap" between the lofty pronouncements of Canadian governments on the question of human rights violations by other governments in the international System and the actions of the Canadian government. This paper argues that specific external constraints will hamper any attempt by governments in Ottawa to transform the rhetoric of official statements into direct policy action. This paper examines Indonesian-Canadian relations during the 1970s as a case study, and concludes that economic, strategic and diplomatic imperatives and interests proved more compelling than concerns over the treatment of political prisoners by the government of General Suharto, or concerns over the Indonesian invasion of Timor. The specific case study suggests a more general observation about human rights and Canadian foreign policy : that where trade-offs must be made, economic and diplomatic interests will tend to prevail over concerns about human rights violations.

In the Southeast Asian area modalities of political dependence have developed which involve the distinctive typology of clients, silent partners, and proxies. These modalities govern the relationship between the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Laos, and the People's Republic of Kampuchea. They also are operative in the international interaction between the members of the Association of Southeast Asian nations (Asean) and the Western major powers. A set of strategic cooperative arrangements, as well as direct military assistance between Asean, the Commonwealth and the U.S., has its counterpart in similar relations between the U.S.S.R. and the Hanoi dominated lndo-China alliance. As a result, the U.S.-Soviet confrontation in Southeast Asia is expressed politically and strategically primarily through the proxy relationships with the lndo-China states and key Asean members respectively. In turn, there are strong undercurrents in Asean seeking an accommodation with Hanoi, in order to minimize the conflict potential in the region generated by opposing U.S. and Soviet strategic interests. Particularly the relatively warming relationship between the U.S. and People's China has strengthened the Asean fears of China s long-term intentions in the region. An independent Vietnam, free from its proxy-client status toward the Soviet Union, could act as a buffer between China and the Southeast Asian region. Since Hanoi, if only for long-standing nationalistic reasons, wishes to be free from its currently necessary dependence on Moscow, Asean's accommodationist interests may well meet with appreciation in Hanoi in the future. This would tend to lessen the effect of the American-Soviet confrontation in the area.

The Arctic is back on the European political agenda, under the impetus given by the Finnish Presidency of the European Council. The European Union (eu) has been engaged in the Arctic since 2008 for environmental and geopolitical reasons. Based on a geopolitical method of analysis of eu documents and a series of mapped interviews, this article identifies some of the difficulties of eu's Arctic policy. It examines a dimension rarely studied of eu's action as an Arctic geopolitical actor: its denial of geography. After a review of the different stages of the European Arctic policy, the article analyses eu's geopolitical positioning through these categories: legal institutions and competences, capacity for action, discourse and geographical representation. The article shows, through the case study of the fishing ban, the importance of the spatial articulation of a policy. Applied in general, this could help to formulate a European geopolitical thinking.

Keywords: Union européenne, Arctique, géopolitique, pêche, géographie, gouvernance, Russia, nuclear, disarmament, deterrence, United States, China

The multiple definitions of a social problem depend on various theoretical perspectives, schools of thought, social historical and political contexts, groups of interest and presence of diverse actors, etc. To the extent that a problem is recognized as a social one, it is after it passed through various stages: number of citizens touched by the problem, social ties proximity or distance to the social mainstream in relation to the problem, institutionalization process, modalities of social reactions, etc. We will attempt to demonstrate certain links between social conditions and gambling abuse as a potential social problem. In a second phase, a psychosocial perspective will illustrate the addiction phenomenon and the central importance of distinguishing between use and abuse in the addiction cycle construction. Finally, a conclusion will focus on future perspective and questioning the gambling phenomenon as a social problem.

Keywords: Problème social, dépendance, jeux de hasard et d'argent, individualisme, contrôle social, Social problem, addiction, gambling, hyper individualism, social control

Third World cities like Port-au-Prince contain low-income populations so poor or so heavily engaged in generating income from self-employment that planners may find it difficult to design policies and programmes that can make an appreciable difference in the way these people house themselves. For the ultra-poor, housing characteristics are shaped by the price of food. For the self-employed, the characteristics are shaped by the need to use resources to produce rather than to consume earnings. Efficient planning for shelter improvement in such cases requires design standards and measures of progress which do not differ too much from what these households may already regard as satisfactory.

During the last dozen years of his life, Harold A. Innis assembled a massive set of writings entitled A History of Communications. The excerpt published here is from the first section of Chapter IV, “The Coming of Paper,” which begins with the production of paper in China “as early as 105 A.D.” and concludes with the westward diffusion of paper-making during the Middle Ages. While the manufacture of paper and its spread is at the centre of Innis's discussion, he gives considerable attention to the related technologies of ink production, block printing, and the introduction of movable type. He also traces the onset of paper and printing within a number of different socio-cultural contexts, including China, India, Korea, the Muslim world, and Europe. After detailing how the paper-manufacturing process gained a foothold in Europe—becoming a formidable rival to parchment—Innis examines how paper was linked to the broader process of key developments such as the extension of credit, the revival of antiquity, the reformation of the Church, and the rise of the modern state.

Today the precautionary principle is at the heart of lively doctrinal disputes. In case law, an attempt is still being made to give it meaning and a true legal significance. Nonetheless, it is easily acknowledged that this principle is emerging, especially globally where international treaties—particularly environmental ones—form a fundamental basis of their legislation. This is the case of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The precautionary principle is integrated into it. Yet its acceptance has not been an easy achievement even if it is undeniable that by simply being taken into consideration in this new international process, it brings with it potential conflicts of the rules governing international trade and environmental protection.