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Museum rankings based on their attendance (number of visitors or number of followers on the Internet) offer a particularly revealing picture of the balance of power actually taking place on the global scene. Even though Western countries—owners of the main superstar museums—still hold a dominant position, a certain degree of progress can be perceived, thus illustrating the competition that countries and their cities and regions are engaged in to develop their own economies. Through a geopolitical analysis of that situation, this article shows the ever-strong influence of a certain idea of Western culture, but also the considerable ongoing transformations of the power relations that are linked to it.

Keywords: musée, muséologie, géopolitique, fréquentation, musée virtuel, museum, museology, geopolitics, visitor attendance, virtual museum

The UN (2000) report titled « Replacement migrations : Is it a solution to declining and aging population ? » shows that immigration by itself cannot be a solution to demographic aging. The Canadian demographic situation differs from those of the countries analysed in the UN report, notably by its much higher immigration rate. Contrary to common beliefs, the current canadian immigration rates are more than enough to assure total population growth as well as the growth of the working age population over the short, medium and even long term. However, because of the high spatial concentration of immigrants at their arrival, an analysis of the demographic consequences of replacement migration at the provincial level shows that a more equal spatial distribution of the immigrants could be more efficient than a simple increase in the levels of immigration.

Botnets, which are computers controlled by malicious hackers, currently represent the most serious threat to the digital ecosystem, providing the infrastructure to commit bank fraud, distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS), or click fraud. During the past few years, two main approaches have been used to fight botnets : First, police organizations have arrested high profile hackers and dismantled their command and control systems. Second, some countries, more precisely Japan, South Korea, Australia, the Netherlands and Germany have encouraged public-private partnerships involving Internet service providers and anti-virus companies. Inspired by regulatory principles, these initiatives seek to identify infected computers, notify their owners and help them clean their machines. This article compares these two approaches (criminalization vs. regulation) by trying to establish their respective effectiveness with respect to securing the digital ecosystem.

Keywords: Cybercrime, botnets, judiciarisation, régulation, prévention, Cybercrime, botnets, criminalization, regulation, prevention, Cibercrimen, botnets, judiciarizacion, regulación, prevención

In relation to literary texts, how can we translate oral elements into French so that they convey the salient features of Korean mimetics which constitute the poetics of the Korean language? Insuperable challenge? Besides just omission, which is widely used, several strategies are available to translators, ranging from simple direct transfer, to literalism, and semantic indirect equivalence. Can this strategy be pushed even further to recreate sonorous and visual effects in the target text that go beyond meaning, i.e., to express the full value of the original mimetics? Let us give the translators the freedom to pursue this challenge, to elicit the sonority, the visual and poetic richness of the French language inherent in the original text, to facilitate its reading and meaning for everyone.

Keywords: mimétique, onomatopée, idéophone, oralité, principe d'équivalence, mimetic, onomatopoeia, ideophone, orality, principle of equivalence

We propose a new method to extract multiword expressions from scientific papers. Our approach is made of two major steps: a first list of candidates is extracted based on a score using frequency and specificity information. This list is then filtered based on the status of the term in the abstract of the scientific papers under investigation. These abstracts are annotated using a text zoning analyser. The terms are then classified in different categories according to the text zoning analysis: we make a difference between terms appearing in the method section of the abstract vs terms appearing in other zones. This method is applied to the ACL Anthology collection, containing the papers published by the ACL between 1980 and 2008. We show that the technique we use allows us to model interesting facts concerning the evolution of the domain and of the methods used in computational linguistics.

Keywords: Corpus, extraction de termes, analyse discursive, text zoning, ACL Anthology, Corpus, Term Extraction, Discourse, Text Zoning, ACL Anthology

The prohibition on the use of toxic chemicals as weapons of warfare is one of the oldest rules of international humanitarian law. However, taking into account current threat of terrorism, the possibility of the use of these weapons outside the framework of an armed conflict can no longer be excluded. The determination of this rule's status in general international law has been gaining importance. This prominence may help identify tools that States have at their disposal to make state and/or non-state entities and individuals accountable for violating this obligation. This study will first outline why it is important to conduct this analysis beyond the scope of the international humanitarian law regime. It will then demonstrate that the prohibition codified in subsection I(1)(b) of the Chemical Weapons Convention has a “fundamentally norm-creating character” and that, subsequent to its adoption, the two constituent elements of customary international law – being general State practice coupled with opinio juris – have manifested in such a way that the prohibition also became a co-existing customary norm.

Arms deliveries to the Russian and Ukrainian warring parties not only raise issues of political and geopolitical expediency, and economic sustainability; on the legal level too, their legality is in question, because the supply of armaments to States, moreover, in a situation of armed conflict, is in the first place dependent on the respect of various international obligations which essentially constitute respect for International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL), but also to the security risks that they can generate. This is why we explore in this article the problems of compliance with their international obligations – stemming from the Arms Trade Treaty, the United Nations Charter, European law and general international law – of arms deliveries provided by many states in both parties. It should be noted that this analysis only takes into account the state of the law and the facts relating to arms deliveries to belligerent parties at the time of writing, in the knowledge that these may subsequently change.