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The adoption of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) marks an important step in the evolution of the relation between trade and culture in trade agreements concluded by Canada. The global cultural exemption, found in a dozen agreements negotiated between 1988 and 2015, is being abandoned in favour of a new fragmented approach. On the one hand, this approach exposes certain current cultural policies to a contestation risk. On the other hand, at a time where Quebec and Canada are searching for ways to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions in the digital era within the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization forum, the TPP operates in an opposite direction. Indeed, even if the reservations formulated by Canada protect part of its regulatory powers in the culture sector, this protection is considerably reduced in terms of revision of current policies or adoption of new measures adapted to the digital environment. The future of numerous cultural industries being precisely located within the digital universe, the “Canadian cultural exemption” of the TPP, if it indeed consists of such a thing, constitutes an erosion of the previous exemptions, destined to be reduced as this sector of the economy evolves and is transformed.

Donald Trump broke many presidential norms, including the preponderance of expertise in the formulation and implementation of u.s. foreign policy. While his predecessors have shown a relative distrust towards the national security apparatus's expertise, Trump has fully embraced his hostility towards these institutions and their experts. This article analyzes the three main consequences of this hostility : false loyalty-competence tension in the selection of advisors; prioritization of symbolic gains and underutilization of organizational resources that have jeopardized the implementation of foreign policy and the sustainability of instituted changes; and flawed crisis management (covid-19).

Keywords: Trump, politique étrangère, prise de décision, expertise, leadership, Trump, foreign policy, decision-making, expertise, leadership

This research focuses on the strategic management of networks in the Asian region. The empirical study examines three multinational firms (MNEs) operating in B2B markets. Thirty interviews were conducted with managers from both headquarters and various subsidiaries across Asia, to explore how MNEs manage their networks from a regional management perspective. The findings highlight the adoption of a flexible multi-country strategic approach to address the complexity of the network context in Asia, characterized by strong market interdependence. The study also sheds light on the internationalization of MNEs through the lens of multiple network coordination.

Keywords: FMN, internationalisation, Asie, stratégie de réseaux, région, pays émergents, MNE, internationalization, Asia, network strategy, region, emerging countries, EMN, internacionalización, Asia, estrategia de las redes, región, países emergentes

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to explain, from a post-structuralist perspective, the way in which discourse mediated by the mechanism of international development alludes to “peace” and “prosperity” and then takes on board the global concern with security, thus rendering the latter a simplified synonym for the notion of peace and a crucial objective of the mechanism.Democracy then becomes an instrument of this objective and, henceforth, the aim of local development assistance programs is to establish pre-set models of citizenship that will place the function of control at the heart of the citizen's actions.Ossified in the local sphere, this model of international development fails to take account of cultural diversity and continues to reinforce the marginalization and structural violence characteristic of Peruvian society. The slaying of the mayor of Ilave, in the department of Puno, Peru, by his fellow-citizens, who were the object of such development practices, illustrates how this process can lead to extreme situations that are totally antithetical to the search for peace.

Keywords: Legoas, paix, violence structurelle, développement, imaginaires, Aymara, Andes, Pérou, Legoas, peace, structural violence, development, imaginaries, Aymara, Andes, Peru, Legoas, paz, violencia estructural, desarrollo, imaginarios, Aymara, Andes, Perú

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we survey the asset pricing models that have been used in the context of emerging markets. We emphasize that both returns and their variability are more predictable than in developed markets and investigate whether this predictability can be explained by predictable measures or risk premia. In this regard, we stress the importance of testing for structural change and of diagnostic tests to check for the stability of relationships over time and for the omission of relevant risk factors. These tests are all the more important when economic and political conditions are less stable. Finally, we ask whether the emerging markets are integrated with the world market and describe a model which allows for a time-varying integration.

This article aims at revisiting the Barthesian opposition between two possible functions of the verbal text in a multimedia and plurisemiotic whole: that which Barthes calls anchoring and that which is relaying additional information. First, we analyze the constraints imposed by the genre of the war memorial on the interaction between the texts (verbal inscriptions relaying historical information) appearing on the base of the Luxembourgian Gëlle Fra (“Golden Lady”) and the allegoric sculpture that adorns it. Second, shifting our attention to the “renunciation” of the Luxembourgian war memorial through a subversive installation artwork by Sanja Iveković, we examine how the two functions, once they have been adjusted, explain the multiplication of meanings. Finally, we ask ourselves how the exhibition in a museum not only of the artwork itself, but of verbal and visual material documenting the reception by the public, changes the installation's specific identity, especially when a parallel is drawn between the exhibition and the execution of an allographic work of art.

Keywords: Fonction d'ancrage, fonction de relais, monument aux morts, installation artistique, réception, mise en exposition, Gëlle Fra, Lady Rosa of Luxembourg, Sanja Iveković, subversion, multimédia, plurisémiotique, Anchoring function, relaying function, war memorial, installation art, work reception, exhibition, Gëlle Fra, Lady Rosa of Luxembourg, Sanja Iveković, subversion, multimedia, multisemiotic, Función de anclaje, la función de relevo, memorial de guerra, instalación artística, recepción, exposición, Gëlle Fra, Lady Rosa of Luxembourg, Sanja Iveković, subversión, multimedia, multisemiotico

The Convention on the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (cdce), adopted in 2005 and entered into force in 2007, wants an international mechanism to regulate the interface “trade-culture”. It turns out that the construction of the cdce does not stop with the ratification of the treaty, since the cdce should be confronted to the reality through the application of provisions, the compliance with requirements, as well as the existence of means allowing its concretization. Assuming that there is a gap between the standards prescribed by international instruments and their concrete results, we offer a cartography of the issue “trade-culture” devoted to the legal and political issues of the cdce's implementation. We examine the changes caused by the cdce within the practices of those involved.

Keywords: commerce-culture, diversité culturelle, normes, régulation, trade-culture, cultural diversity, standards, regulation

The author seeks to determine in what way marketing may be considered as a development catalyst by examining the case of agricultural products in developing countries. He first observes that the marketing System both reflects the level of development and constitutes a subsystem of the socio-economic System. Marketing is thus in a symbiotic relationship with the development process.Market complexity conditions the nature of public and private sector initiatives. In fact, the structure of domestic agricultural markets is disjointed and the imperatives of world markets impose an almost dialectical choice between exports and import substitution. After having analyzed contextual and empirical data, the author considers such marketing actors as government marketing boards and producer cooperatives by attempting an assessment of their developmental impact. Marketing, he concludes, may be seen as a necessary but not sufficient condition for the development process.