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The New start treaty on intercontinental missile which was due to expire in February 2021 has finally been extended for five years, much to the relief of many. However, the upcoming negotiations for nuclear arms control are going to be most difficult. With the end of the inf Treaty on Intermediate-Range Forces in August 2019 and the current reinvestment in these formerly banned weapons, talks are taking place in a context where arm race is intensifying. But what is its underlying logic ? To answer the question, this article traces its roots back to the early 2000s, against the backdrop of nato enlargement and the deployment of the missile defence shield. It then explores the consequences of the renegotiation of power relations that took place during the Ukrainian and Syrian conflicts. Finally, it considers the impact of the Donald Trump's presidency, for whom it is no longer Russia, but communist China, that poses the main threat to American interests.

Keywords: Russie, États-Unis, politique de défense, armes nucléaires, dissuasion, Russia, United States, defence policy, nuclear arms, deterrence

This paper will apply a Bourdieusian theoretical framework to analyze the military field and evaluate the interpreting habitus that emerged during the U.S. military occupation of South Korea (1945-1948). Despite its position of military dominance within the military field, the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) was unable to assert the normal hierarchical structure of an occupational force during interpreted events. This provided interpreters with the freedom to, when necessary, actively intervene in interlingual exchanges rather than be limited to function as “conduits.” This paper theorizes that interpreting activity is a site for the recontextualization of social hierarchical relations and proposes that while dominant agents and institutions typically dictate the terms under which the norms of interpreting are (re)established, under certain conditions, empowered interpreters may challenge the authority of these dominant institutions and redefine the interpreting habitus.

Keywords: interpreter, habitus, Korea, USAMGIK, interpreter's government, interprète, habitus, Corée, USAMGIK, gouvernement de l'interprète

Vidal de la Blache (1845-1918) has always been interested in the “modernization” of the world. He was fascinated by the strong influence of railroads on spatial organization, social structure, forms of government, and people's mentality. And he tried to explain the complex interrelations or combinations between “traditional and fixed structures” and “modern contacts and circulation.” This paper examines what kind of role his research on Asian countries played in the formation and development of his own geographical conception. What perspective did he gain from the experience of modernization in a non-European region? By exploring his research on Asia, we could reconsider not only the development of his conception of modern human geography, but also his vision of the formation of the modern world.

Keywords: Vidal de la Blache, modernisation, circulation, contradiction, Asie, Vidal de la Blache, modernization, circulation, contradiction, Asia, Vidal de la Blache, modernización, circulación, contradicción, Asia

En Corée du sud, l'éducation musicale multiculturelle fait partie des programmes d'études de l'école primaire et les manuels scolaires comportent des répertoires d'exemples musicaux provenant de diverses régions du monde. Pourtant, malgré la place accordée à l'éducation multiculturelle dans les programmes scolaires, un certain nombre d'études ont soulevé la nécessité de méthodes d'enseignement favorisant chez l'élève une réelle compréhension de la musique en tant que culture. Ces recherches soulignent que les activités musicales proposées aux élèves doivent leur permettre de vivre des expériences musicales qui ne dissocient pas les musiques du monde de leur contexte culturel. Elles considèrent également que ces expériences musicales doivent être incarnées, vécues corporellement - à l'image des pratiques musicales du monde - et faire appel à la participation active de …

Embargoes and boycotts have for many years now constituted means of retorsion for one nation against another. Since 1945, such measures have acquired renewed favour due to the globalization of trade and conflictual relations of various groups of countries. In addition, some countries have not hesitated to give their legislation extraterritorial effects so as to make their economic sanctions even more efficient, thus transforming third-party countries into instruments of their foreign policy. Canada, as with most countries having an open economy, is not immune to such effects. To illustrate his point, the author examines two outstanding cases which culminated in the early 1980's : the extraterritoriality of U.S. legislation concerning exports and Arab boycotts against Israel. After providing background material on the use of these economic arms, the author analyses legislative and judiciary reactions of Canada and main European powers. Various governments — so as to resolve conflicts of laws caused by such situations in areas of both public and private international law, the effects of which victimize their own citizens — have come to the realization that despite efforts made by national legislatures and courts, the solution largely remains one of diplomacy.

ABSTRACTWe want to test the ability of conditional and non-conditional CAPM models to explain the returns on emerging markets as a function of their integration with world markets. We use data on 16 developed markets and 10 emerging markets together with data on the Casablanca Stock Exchange (CSE) before and after the reforms of 1990. We obtain the following results. First, the correlation coefficients between returns on developed and emerging markets are very small and sometimes negative. Second, the conditional APT (as well as the conditional CAPM) has a lower predictive ability for emerging markets than for developed markets. Third, Morocco financial markets are more integrated with world markets since the reforms (excess returns and non-conditional ß more in line with expectations) but the conditional APT performs rather poorly in explaining returns. This suggests that we are still far from having a good model of a structure as complex as the CSE.

The development of organic agriculture in Japan occurred mainly through producer-consumer networks (teikei), based on direct links between the two, in reaction to serious problems of food contamination. These networks were put in place in the 60s, in the context of the surge of various popular movements trying to find solutions to different problems (housing, pollution, etc.). Since then, other distribution channels have been established, mainly after the Japanese government's efforts to standardize the quality of products according to international norms. This has weakened the networks and diminished the social impact of this experience, but the teikei are still there and remain the main distribution channel for organic agricultural products.

Keywords: Bernier, Japon, agriculture biologique, réseaux producteurs-consommateurs, distribution, standardisation, Bernier, Japan, Organic Agriculture, Producer-Consumer Networks, Distribution, Standardization, Bernier, Japón, agricultura orgánica, redes de productores-consumidores, distribución, estandardización

AbstractIn this so-called age of “globalization,” many countries see their national language(s) being threatened by more powerful rivals. Japan, however, is an example of a country whose language-culture manages to distance itself from that threat. This paper attempts an observation, through the history of language reforms, of the development of the Japanese written language, as well as of the role played by translation in that process.

Keywords: Japon, langue, réforme, histoire, mondialisation