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AbstractByron Lands in Korea : Translation and Literary/Cultural Changes in Early Twentieth-Century Korea — This article deals with the role of translation during the formative phase of modern Korean poetry. Most scholars think that the work of poet/translators of the early twentieth century like Ch'oe Namson emphasized transmitting a message rather than technique. I assert that we need to re-examine the crucial relationship of the new poetic rhythms and images used by Ch'oe and the development of modern Korean poetic forms in the 1920s.

As was the case in the past, translation is for the Arab World the high road to modern knowledge. Thus, the status of translation from and into Arabic has been a topic of discussion for two decades. This paper compares diachronically the different status of this transfer. It seeks to bring to light barriers to its development while putting its problems in a socioeconomic context inherent to the Arab world. Arabic cultural heritage of the past is inadequate for the 21st century. This study highlights the importance to learn from successful experiences of other modern nations to reflect current science.

Keywords: traduction dans le monde arabe, transfert des connaissances, état des lieux, translation in the Arab world, knowledge transfer, state of things

In an article on the well-documented impact of gamelan on the musical language of Claude Debussy, Nicholas Cook suggests an interpretation of Debussy's music that navigates between a point of view that claims that gamelan presented a “confirmation” of principles already acquired by the French composer, and another that judges his gamelan-inspired techniques to be imitations of a foreign musical culture. This article applies Cook's reasoning to the case of Javanese inspiration in the work Oralléluiants (1975) by Gilles Tremblay (1932-2017), by attempting to go beyond the opposition between orientalist stylistic pastiche and a more profound “stylistic assimilation” with respect to the Québécois composer. It proposes the notion of “cognitive filter” as a way to understand the way gamelan influenced Tremblay without having the same effect on other composers exposed to the same musical cultures. The expression “cognitive filter” designates any schematisation of music that listeners owe to training, ability, acculturation and their psychological particularities, and which represent and order perceptual data in order to allow for the apprehension of previously unfamiliar musics.

Keywords: Gilles Tremblay, gamelan, compositeurs québécois, interculturalisme, musique contemporaine, Gilles Tremblay, gamelan, Quebec composers, interculturalism, contemporary music

Biofuels, extracted from cereals and other food crops, are attracting greater interest, especially as a substitute for fossil energy. However, the use of food products for biofuel production has been recently described as crime against humanity, since it contributes to raise the world market food prices and intensifying the world hunger. To assess the effect of the biofuels market on the global food crisis, an analysis based on key dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) was performed. Economically, biofuels compete with food, which causes an increase in food prices. In social terms, this energy may increase food insecurity and malnutrition via decreased availability of food for consumption, but also because of the significant amount of water used for irrigation of crops. On the environmental front, the market for biofuels will affect the quality of ecosystems through the depletion of water resources, soil pollution by fertilizers and loss of biodiversity. Biofuels made from raw materials other than food products are currently being studied and appear to offer promising solutions. It is advisable to conduct an environmental and social impacts assessment before massive exploitation, in order to avoid side effects, such as those created by the first generation of biofuels.

Keywords: crise alimentaire, biocarburant, bioéthanol, biodiesel, développement durable, food crisis, biofuel, bioethanol, biodiesel, sustainable development

J.G. Endicott was chairman of the Canadian Peace Council during the period from 1948 to 1971 and a former member of the World Peace Council. He explains how he became involved in the peace movement and describes his work during the fifties and sixties. He gives his impressions concerning the differences between the peace movements then and now. Finally, he explains how his analysis of the events in Czechoslovakia (1968) and in Bangladesh (1971) led him to resign from his posts of responsibility in 1971.

This article proposes a critical review of the social construction of young people who are neither in employment, education or training (NEET) as a category of public action and as a response to immobility and to youth poverty. After defining activation in relation to a governmentality regime, it highlights the conditions of origin and extension of this category. This critical feedback makes it possible to identify some prescriptions and normative issues of activation policies and intervention practices that target today's young NEET. This article also makes it possible to question the effectiveness of these policies and practices in terms of mobilization, access to employment and the fight against poverty.

Keywords: État social actif, politiques d'activation, jeunes, mobilité, emploi, pauvreté, intégration socioprofessionnelle, NEEF, action publique, Active Welfare State, activation policy, Youth, NEET, mobility, employment, poverty, socio-professional integration

Brexit is not a subject that is usually associated with climate change. However, since the United Kingdom's climate policy is closely intertwined with the European Union one, the Brexit perspective also highlights a range of legal issues in this particular area. For example, since climate treaties are mixed agreements, will the United Kingdom again be a party to them once they leave the European Union? What will happen to the commitments it has made jointly with the Union under these treaties? In which negotiating group will it participate in the UN climate talks? And will it continue to participate in the European carbon market? The objective of this article is to provide answers to these various questions and to highlight the complexity of the legal issues raised by Brexit in the field of climate change law.

During the renegotiation of NAFTA, the Canadian dairy sector was at the heart of the American demands. The Trump administration put a lot of pressure on Canada to guarantee better access to the Canadian market for American farmers. Faced with this pressure, Canada gave in on several points, further weakening its supply management system. In fact, the CUSMA provides for four new obligations essentially incumbent on Canada with respect to dairy products. It grants new market shares to U.S. milk producers (I), abolishes milk classes 6 and 7 (II), places a quantitative cap on Canadian exports of certain products around the world (III) and imposes considerable transparency obligations (IV). This article provides an analysis of these new obligations and their implications for Canadian dairy producers and processors.