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With the end of violence perpetrated by the National Liberation Front of Corsica (FLNC) in 2014 and the accession to power in 2015 of autonomist and nationalist parties, a political juncture is now opening for Corsica. Hence, this French island located close to the Italian coast struggles to be recognized fully as a nation exclusively through peaceful means such as its foreign relations. This article analyzes the international strategy of Corsican nationalism using a comparative approach, and it identifies the structural issues encountered by this strategy and the ideological evolution it promotes.

Keywords: Corse, France, Europe, nationalisme, relations internationales, Corsica, France, Europe, nationalism, international relations

Against the background of the latest vehement discussions in West-Germany on the implementation of the NATO twin-track-decision this article analyses the current concepts of security and détente presented by the main political forces as well as their historical dimensions. The Christian Democrat/Liberal government pursues a pragmatic Atlanticist security policy, which is based largely upon Adenauer's principles such as exclusive definition of West German interests in the framework of the Alliance, rejection of one-sided disarmament and nuclear disengagement. Nevertheless, the government Kohl has adopted the main instruments of the new "Ostpolitik" in order to establish the calculability of West German policy in East and West. Détente is no considered as a political aim in itself. The Social Democrat concept of a security partnership with the East is strongly influenced by the principles and methods underlying the new "Ostpolitik". This concept aims at the creation of a denuclearized zone in Central Europe in order to facilitate a real détente between East and West. An optimistic view or détente appears to be an essential element of the political identity of the SPD. The ideas of the Greens and the "Peace Movement" - unilateral disarmament, creation of a denuclearized zone, renunciation on "first Use" - are variations of the pacifistic concepts already developped in the 1950's. The main reason for the formation of the "Peace Movement" is a change in West German political culture involving above all the younger population.

AbstractThe aim of this essay is to deal with the creation and the evolution of the European External Action Service (eeas), by replacing them in the simplification process of European Treaties, which led to the Lisbon Treaty and the apparition of three novelties reinforcing eu governance: the President of the European Council, the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, helped with an important eeas and the legal personnality of the eu. The second part of the text tries to identify potential strategies for Europe within the current political conjuncture and indicates main topics for analysts and European decision-makers within the framework of an incoming multipolar system.

Keywords: traité de Lisbonne, SEAE, haut représentant, UE, politique globale, Lisbon Treaty, EEAS, High Representative, EU, global policy, Tratado de Lisboa, SEAE, Alto Representante, UE, política global

The expressions “return from Europe” and “return from the United States” are tropes in Quebec's cultural history. A consequence of the intensification of Quebec universities' relations with those of the rest of the world during the first half of the 20th century, they refer to French-speaking Canadian students who had spent time on campuses in Europe, especially in Paris, or the United States as part of their student travels and who subsequently returned to their homeland. As these literate travelers traversed land and space, they also left their marks on their culture and social hierarchy. Immersed in the intensity, abundance and power—symbolic, cultural and intellectual—of “great nations,” many of these students found themselves gripped by a sense of unease, if not vertigo. Reflecting themselves in the vanishing mirror of major cities and institutions of high culture, those returning from Europe or the United States became conscious of the shortcomings and inadequacies of their own culture, whose grandeur then appeared lackluster or radically foreign. The shock, perceived upon both leaving on and returning from the journey, manifested differently in the trajectories of each individual, leading to a feeling of cultural inferiority for some, to self-loathing for others and to a desire for change and improvement for others still. In this article, we propose to explore the experiences—comparable but not assimilable—of the returns from Europe or the United States insofar as they have crystallized, in Quebec, into a mode of being in the world that is characteristic of so-called small nations. Beyond the singular experiences they encompass, some of which will be described, “returns” can be understood as subjective and concrete experiences of marginality and eccentricity through which the reality of an often difficult, if not conflicting, alignment of the small nation with the universal is experienced.

Keywords: histoire intellectuelle, université, migrations savantes, petite nation, 20 siècle, représentation de l'Europe, représentation des États-Unis, intellectual history, university, scholarly migration, small nation, 20 century, representation of Europe, representation of the United States

The end of the Cold War has freed Eastern Europe from the Soviet Union and Western Europe from the United States. This article explores how the Americans have attempted to adapt to these new uncertainties by redefining the threat and by seeking a new political and military identity for NATO. The individual, societal, and external variables that may explain how strategies of adaptation are chosen are then identified. The turbulence of the System, by concentrating decision-making, by giving more weight to budgetary variables, by encouraging neo-isolationist trends, and by favouring local political priorities accentuates an approach of reacting to events and preserving the status quo, an approach which leaves NATO at the mercy of German objectives in Europe without resolving the issue of European security.