Documents found
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451.More information
The evolution of the international monetary System prompted the nine members of the E.E.C. to establish a European Monetary System. The new statutes of the I.M.F. have in fact legalized the practice of flexible exchange rates and sanctioned the dollar's inconvertibility while eliminating the role of gold. Further, the increasing importance of the international capital markets fosters the unlimited expansion of international liquidities.it is in response to this context then that Europe seeks to create a zone of stability and to manage its own international tender in accordance with rules that it has set for itself. The author draws a positive conclusion as the System has operated without major problems so far. Nevertheless, difficulties remain: the international environment has not improved given the abrupt strengthening of the dollar and the increase in American interest rates. In addition, progress with regard to cooperation among the Nine remains slow and political change in France makes any prognosis respecting the future of the European Monetary System difficult.It was anticipated that the System would be Consolidated rapidly. It would in that event contribute more effectively to the stability of the international monetary System. It could, on the other hand, sharpen competition between Europe and the United States, between the Ecu and S.D.Rs. and between the European Monetary Fund and the International Monetary Fund.
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452.More information
This article is about the role of international bureaucracies in the determination of the general policies of international organizations. In this paper it is argued that in general international organizations' Secretariats generally do wield, considerable power over the definition of the institutions' strategies, i.e. those activities, priorities and projects which taken together make up the program of the institution for a given period. Indeed, the international bureaucrats exercise tremendous control over the content of the program. This is so because international organizations have special functions in the world System. They must see to it that, certain states of affairs prevail in the world over the long run. It is, therefore, no surprise that the programs' content be more or less shielded from conjonctural fluctuations. The article then proceeds to test these hypotheses on a concrete case: the analysis of the processus through which Unesco's program goes before becoming the official policy of the organization.
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454.More information
France is the last founding state of the Council of Europe to have ratified the European Convention of Human Rights in 1947 and to have accepted the individual petition mechanism in 1981. Since the Bozano v. France case in 1986, the debate has gone from the political field to the legal field: the direct application of the Convention, formally recognized by internal jurisdictions has taken a substantial dimension, in light of the diverse jurisprudence of the Strasbourg Court. The “judges' dialogue” with the Supreme Courts, Council of State and Cour de Cassation, demonstrated all of its fruitfulness in the long term. We should not forget that it is a dialogue that goes both ways: the influence of the French judges – from René Cassin to Jean-Paul Costa, both presidents of the Court – must be highlighted. Furthermore, France was at the forefront of the Protocol n°16, giving this judicial dialogue all of its dimension, which translates the principle of subsidiarity, at the very moment when new political objections arise concerning “foreign judges”. Nevertheless, the close connection between the rule of law and the European idea established by the founding fathers as early as 1950 is more necessary than ever to defend human rights across the continent.
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