Search Results

The current descriptive survey study focuses on international students' experiences—challenges, personal and institutional supports—during their studies at a Canadian university, as well as their suggestions for what additional supports they think would be helpful. An online survey (n = 712) examined international students challenges within a number of domains: language, financial, academic, environmental and cultural, personal- social, and discrimination. The majority of the international students reported few language and academic challenges, but many reported financial and personal-social challenges. COVID-19 presented additional challenges for most international students. Student use of various coping strategies (e.g., staying in touch with family) and institutional supports (e.g., international students centre) were also examined. Bivariate analyses revealed that students under 30 (vs. 30 or over), students who had been in Canada for more than 2 years (vs. 2 years or less), and undergraduates (vs. graduates) were more likely to report various challenges and that undergraduate students and female students were more likely to seek academic guidance and counselling services. The importance of promoting awareness of, and increasing culturally attuned provision of, counselling services is discussed. Finally, summarizing the suggestions of student respondents, a number of recommendations are made regarding how to improve supports for international students.

Keywords: international students, challenges, supports, étudiants internationaux, défis, soutiens

A critical reflection on the legal, political and discursive mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion delimiting the norms of Japanese subjectivity, the current article aims to push beyond the conceptual and typological limitations of the literature on Japanese minorities, multicultural Japan, and multi-ethnic citizenship. Working from a feminist intersectional analysis of diversity that understands nation, race, culture, gender and hetero-normativity as mutually constitutive systems of oppression, we look also to the comparative literature on multinational democracy as a more comprehensive approach to thinking about the complex intranational and multinational diversity constituting contemporary Japanese citizenship. Through a genealogical exploration of Japan's colonial past, and a case study of a contemporary multinational marriage between a Japanese woman and a Zainichi Korean resident, we uncover and critically explore the juridical and political contradictions about subjectivity and belonging across multiple axes (nation, diaspora peoples, indigeneity, minorities, race, multiculturalism, gender and sexuality) that are actively reproduced and perpetuated through the Japanese family registry system and nationality law.

Keywords: Citoyenneté japonaise, démocratie multinationale, diversité, genre, multiculturalisme, Japanese citizenship, multinational democracy, diversity, gender, multiculturalism

ABSTRACTPollen stratigraphy from 90 sites in and bordering the Great Lakes record the 5-7 ka history of forest development of the Great Lakes region. By 7 ka beech (Fagus grandifolia) had invaded the oak-hickory (Quercus-Carya) forest of lower Michigan and hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and beech the white pine (Pinus strobus)-dominated forest of southern Ontario. At the same time, white pine replaced jack pine (P banksiana) as it expanded northward to the Clay Belt beyond its present-day range. Forest changes at 6 and 5 ka were dominated by range extensions of beech and hemlock in a northwesterly direction, by northward expansion of eastern white cedar (Cupressineae), and southward migration of white pine into the Michigan basin. The beech and hemlock migrations (160 m yr-1 and 280 m yr-1, respectively) may have been influenced by the cool-moist climate generated by the Nipissing Great Lakes in combination with enhanced regional warming. White pine and eastern white cedar responded to regional warming and reduced precipitation, whereas birch (Betula) and alder (Alnus) may have been influenced more by fire activity caused by the warm-dry climate. The boreal-mixed forest ecotone was displaced 140 km northward at 5-7 ka compared to 60-70 km for the mixed-deciduous forest ecotone.

ABSTRACTCordilleran Ice Sheet glaciations show characteristic patterns of advance and retreat, consisting of (1) advance out outwash, (2) glacial scouring, (3) deposition of till, (4) deposition of recessional outwash south of Seattle in the southern Puget Lowland, glaciomarine drift in the northern lowland, and eskers, kames, and small moraines on the Columbia Plateau. Radiocarbon dates show that the Puget and Juan de Fuca lobes advanced and retreated synchronously. The Puget lobe backwasted to Seattle by 13.4-14 ka yrs BP, where the thinning ice floated in seawater northward to Canada by 13 ka yrs BP depositing glaciomarine drift contemporaneously over 18,000 km2. Compelling evidence against the backwasting, calving, terminus model for the origin of the glaciomarine drift includes: 1) abundant 14C dates demonstrate simultaneous deposition of glaciomarine drift over the entire area; 2) stagnant-ice deposits closely related to glaciomarine drift are not consistent with an actively-calving, backwasting terminus; 3) irrefutable evidence for the nonmarine origin of Deming sand shows that Cordilleran ice was absent immediately prior to deposition of the overlying glaciomarine drift. The pattern of events in the northern Puget Lowland includes: 1) glacial loading under 1800 m of ice during the Vashon maximum; 2) rapid glacial thinning and floating of the ice deposited Kulshan glaciomarine drift 12-13 ka yrs BP; 3) emergence and deposition of fluvial Deming sand 11.5 ka yrs BP; 4) resubmer-gence and deposition of Bellingham glaciomarine drift up to -200 m, well beyond global eustatic sea level rise; 5) emergence 10.5-11.5 ka yrs BP and deposition of Sumas outwash on Bellingham glaciomarine drift; 6) Holocene eustatic sea level rise kept pace with isostatic rebound, thus, post-Sumas marine terraces are absent.

Evidence from scattered stratigraphie sections, from the relationship of a sequence of ice flow indicators to a raised interglacial marine platform, together with the limits of freshly glaciated terrain against weathered bedrock areas, indicates that late Wisconsinan glaciers spread weakly toward, and in many areas not beyond, the present coast. These were fed by a complex of small ice caps located on broad lowlands and uplands. The limiting factor was the deep submarine channels that transect the region. Thus, Laurentide ice was limited to northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. With this pattern of centripetal flow toward the Gulf, large areas remained unglacierized. There is now better geological corroboration of Fer-nald's hypothesis of nunatak botanic réfugia, though there was, perhaps during early Wisconsinan time, grounded ice in the Gulf and an outlet glacier in Laurentian Channel. Raised postglacial shorelines fit the model, with a general tilt toward the main shield ice sheet, but with two broad domes reflecting the ice complexes over New Brunswick and Newfoundland. Older emerged and submerged shorelines beyond the glacial limit complicate the pattern. At present northern regions are still rebounding while a zone of subsidence is migrating inland from the continental margin.

In southern Québec there are many morphologie and stratigraphie indices of erosional activity subsequent to the last déglaciation, 10,000-14,000 years B.P. Because classical climatic geomorphology has for a long time considered the temperate forest ecosystem in its natural state as one of the least active of geomorphic systems, there has been a tendency to relate many of the resultant landforms and structures to climatic fluctuations and particularly to periglacial phases in the period of transition from the late Wisconsin to the early Holocene period. Whilst not denying the validity of certain of these relationships, the authors fieldwork on the steep slopes of northern Gaspésie show that morphogenetic stability did not coincide with the regional transition at about 9 300 years BP from a periglacial climate to a temperate forest climate. Alluvial cones, fans, stratified screes (grèzes litées) have been built up metachronously by various processes. The following local conditions contribute to the sustained vigour of this erosion; 1) the steepness of the slopes and the fissile nature of the bedrock producing intense and frequent operation of geomorphic processes which in turn retards the establishment of a protective vegetation cover, 2) the slow forest colonisation in the postglacial period, 3) the melt-waters from valley glaciers followed by wave action on the shores of the Goldthwait Sea causing the base of the slopes to be sapped until well into the postglacial period, thus also delaying the process of forest colonisation and resultant stabilisation of the slopes.

ABSTRACTCluster analysis of foraminifera from a ~12,000-9000 radiocarbon year old piston core from Goose Island Trough, Queen Charlotte Sound, indicates that a cold interval correlative with the Younger Dryas stadial occurred during a shallow water phase. The reduction in depth was caused by the passage across the area, between 11,500 and 10,000 years BP, of a glacial forebulge associated with the retreat of the Late Wisconsinian ice sheets. Published sedimentological evidence indicate that water depths decreased to ~75-90 m, placing the site above the permanent North Pacific pycnocline (100 m). Low salinity-near glacial conditions, at these depths, between -11,100 and 10,000 years BP were recognized by abundant populations of Cassidulina reniforme and lslandiella helenae. This cold interval has also been recognized in cores from elsewhere in Queen Charlotte Sound. The depressed salinity and temperature may have resulted from a modification of regional weather patterns. Decreased mean continental summer temperatures could have reduced the seasonal influence of the North Pacific High and lengthened that of the Aleutian Low. This would have resulted in a near continuous onshore surface Ekman transport and enhanced coastal runoff, effectively blocking the movement onto the shelf of deep, saline, warm water of the California Undercurrent. The resultant isolated inshore basin comprised of present-day Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound is tentatively named the "Hecate Sea". By ~10,000 years BP, weather and ocean circulation had returned to near modern patterns as indicated by the disappearance of lslandiella helenae and by the development of an Epistominella vitrea - dominated biofacies.

ABSTRACTThe manuscript documents voluminous new and published stratigraphie and paléontologie data from a region unique in North America, and possibly the world, in that it has abundant natural exposures recording a long and consistent succession of Quaternary tills and fossiliferous intertill sediments. Two major non-glacial intervals have been recognized under tills. Various non-glacial sediments have been correlated using their stratigraphie position, pollen analysis, and beetle assemblages, and are found to be equivalent to the Missinaibi Formation in Ontario. Non-finite high pressure radiocarbon dates, and aspartic acid ratios on wood suggest that the uppermost and most prevalent interval is of Sangamonian age. The Sangamonian record begins and ends with cool intervals, separated by a warmer period when climates were similar to or slightly warmer than present, and when the northern treeline was near its present position. The interval began with a high glacioisostatic sea, which regressed to levels below present Hudson Bay datum. The Sundance paleosol and silt beds below the Amery till relate to an earlier interglaciation characterized by cool tundra conditions. As an analogue for predicting future global change, the record preserved in the Hudson Bay Lowlands is second to none: additional intensive research is strongly recommended.

AbstractDonald Creighton is remembered as an anti-French bigot. Looking at his career in its entirety, this paper argues that such a caricature obscures a more complex story. As a historian, Creighton relied on a series of stereotypes - some negative, others positive - to describe and explain French Canada. In the 1960s and 1970s, his outdated stereotypes left him unable to understand Quebec nationalism. Although capable of intemperate remarks, Creighton's position was more thoughtful: for example, he distrusted devolution of powers to the provinces and he argued that French secondary schools in Ontario would render Franco-Ontarians second-class citizens, unable to compete in a labour market dominated by English.

AbstractThis article is a preliminary inquiry into the selection process used by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada (HSMBC) in making its recommendations for the national historic significance of sites, events and individuals between 1919 and 1950. It argues that, while the HSMBC was composed of dedicated and leading figures in the field of Canadian history, Board members operated for its first 30 years almost exclusively as a Victorian gentlemen's club, without a system of checks and balances. The ideological dominance of the British imperial mindset influenced Board members' field of historical interests as well as their recommendation for national historic designations of sites, events or individuals. These points will be illustrated by examining the origins and the operations of the HSMBC between 1919 and 1950, and the recommendations for national historic designation presented to the HSMBC by two prominent Board members: Brigadier General Ernest Cruikshank and Dr. John Clarence Webster.