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This article is based on fifty testimonies by Algonquins of Three Rivers or ‘Magouas'. They deal with family memories, Indian origins, self perception and the dominant group's perception of their identity. The research is related to a legal claim for Indian status by 350 Algonquins. Segregation and prejudice (“uncivilized savages”) have long afflicted this population, which is characterized by the maintenance of an endogamous marriage system and classificatory kinship. The main identity markers deal with memory, history, genealogy, mobility related to hunting, unskilled jobs and poverty, and finally to a specific relationship to nature. The Algonquins are still here.

Keywords: Travailleuses/travailleurs précaires, immigrants permanents, migrants temporaires, organisation communautaire, défense collective, syndicats

This article examines the evolution of the relations between Canadian museums and Indigenous peoples through the perspective of articles published by the Canadian Museums Association in its journal, Muse, launched in 1983. Muse has supported the development and the circulation of ideas amongst Canadian museologists. We undertake a systematic review of the content addressing Indigenous issues published in the journal between 1983 and 2002. This case study aims to depict the evolution of the mindset and the initiatives within the field regarding the management of Indigenous collections and Indigenous repatriation demands over a period of 20 years. We focus on the multiple levels of managing Indigenous collections in museums: collecting, preserving, studying, exhibiting, sharing access and repatriating objects. It results in an article filled with examples of the endeavours and limits of Canadian museum professionals' propositions and actions in favor of the empowerment of Indigenous communities toward their heritage.

Keywords: Association des musées canadiens, patrimoine autochtone, musée, collection, rapatriement, Canadian Museums Association, Indigenous heritage, museum, museum collection, repatriation, Asociación de Museos Canadienses, patrimonio indígena, museo, colección, repatriación

New alternative initiatives are emerging in the food sector, with an increase of short chains and direct selling initiatives. Producers choose to work together to create collective farmer shops (CFSs) in order to sell their products locally. Faced with the changing context and the limitations of traditional forms of collective action (e.g. cooperatives), it can be difficult for producers to make an informed choice of distribution channel. This research aims to investigate this new type of collective action and to understand (a) the motives for participating to a CFS; (b) what are the benefits for the producers and (c) what difficulties they encounter. The in-depth qualitative study of 57 semi-structured interviews with producers engaged in the creation of CFSs provides answers to these three questions. At a theoretical level, this research allows to discuss how CFSs represent a renewal of collective action in agriculture. At a managerial level, it proposes a reflexive framework for producers who are already engaged in CFSs or that could join them.

Keywords: PME agricoles, Magasins de producteurs, Coopératives, Circuits courts, Agricultural SMEs, Collective farmer shops, Cooperatives, Short chains, PyME agrícolas, Tiendas de venta directa, Cooperativas, Canal corto de distribución

Many analyses are developed in Management Science to help large corporations anticipate international risks and identify the best ways to penetrate a foreign market. Today, there are no theoretical cases or methodologies that allow small and medium-sized companies to enter these markets or predict risks correlated to their implementation. However, for SMEs, gaining knowledge on international risks and different implementation strategies is particularly important because an error can rapidly jeopardize the company's performance. Thus, in the continuation of the research on the entry mode code depending on the degree of desired engagement and control wanted by the SME, we will integrate the risk perceived by the company's executive. The objective of this article is to develop a global and systemic framework for analysis that would help SMEs and advise them to optimize the choice of their entry modes into foreign markets.

Keywords: PME, Risque, Internationalisation, Perception, Niveau d'engagement, Contrôle, Modes d'entrée à l'international, SME, Risk, Internationalization, Perception, Level of engagement, Control, Foreign market entry modes, PyME, Riesgos, Internacionalización, Percepción, Compromiso, Control, Modos de entrada

Due to technological obsolescence and strong competition, high-technology firms have a short window of opportunity to develop their clientele in order to generate profit from their research and development investments. However, the failure rate of these new international firms, in their transition to the post-entry stage, is very high. This exploratory study contributes to the emerging literature on the comparison of entry and post-entry practices of new international firms in foreign markets. More specifically, it analyzes the use of traditional and digital marketing communication tools by ten Canadian high-technology firms. The results suggest that, at the entry stage, firms prefer indirect rather than direct communication tools and that they use a smaller variety of tools than post-entry firms do. Limited resources, financial or human, are explanatory factors. However, as part of a better-planned and integrated communications strategy, inexpensive adjustments are possible to deploy sales in a greater number of countries.

Keywords: Entrepreneuriat international, Post-entrée, Communication marketing, Outils de communication, PME technologiques, International entrepreneurship, Post-entry, Marketing communication, Communication tools, Technology SMEs, Emprendimiento internacional, Post-entrada, Comunicación de marketing, Herramientas de comunicación, PyME tecnológicas

Some new technology-based firms (NTBFs) helped by the French Ministry in charge of Research have been very successful ; however, there is a huge heterogeneity in NTBFs growth trajectories.This research aims to explain these heterogeneous trajectories through the evolution of governance structure in these firms, such as the evolution of ownership or the evolution of relationships with capital investors. To conduct this study, we propose the use of an enlarged view of corporate governance based on both disciplinary and cognitive prisms. This integrative perspective is particularly suited to study in all its complexity the issue of corporate governance in the context of NTBFs. The results are based on interviews with sixteen entrepreneurs, in firms created between 1999 and 2013. They confirm entrepreneurs' broad vision about corporate governance and the necessary evolution of governance structure to support growth in NTBFs.

Keywords: Trajectoires de croissance, Startup, Gouvernance coercitive, Gouvernance cognitive, Parties prenantes, Growth trajectories, NTBF, Corporate governance, Disciplinary and cognitive view, Stakeholders, Trayectorias de crecimiento, Nuevas empresas, Gobernabilidad coercitiva, Gobernabilidad cognitiva, Partes interesadas

AbstractThis paper is primarily concerned with the way in which the strategies Indigenous peoples choose to address and deal with state power are being characterized by recent scholarly assessments of territorial and self-government agreements in Canada. The authors contend that by emphasizing almost exclusively seemingly irreversible structural determinants (such as colonialism and the capitalist logic of dispossession), the interpretative orientation of that literature tends to misrepresent the nature and dynamics of First Nations politics in the Canadian context and minimizes the positive impact of their action on social change. On the basis of an examination of contentious politics and the resulting institutional practices elaborated in relation to the management of forest resources and environmental policy in Eeyou Istchee (land of the James Bay Cree) over the past 30 years, the paper underscores instead the Cree's political agency and their ability to secure a substantial measure of control over the management of forest resources and the definition of environmental policy. It argues that the Cree have largely succeeded in reversing the historical logic of domination to which Indigenous peoples have been submitted and in reappropriating key instruments of collective empowerment. The paper ultimately offers a defence for an analytical stance that appreciates First Nations' political and policy choices from the perspectives of what they actually mean for the communities involved rather than from the point of view of normative and theoretical absolutes.

This article takes a look at the impact of social thresholds on the growth ambition and behaviour of French SME entrepreneurs. Employer organisations believe that these thresholds, in particular that of the 50 employees, are a hindrance to the entrepreneurs' growth ambition and largely explain the shortage of Mid-Cap companies on the French territory. So far, the issue of threshold effects and their impact on growth have not as yet been a focus of research. A qualitative study is underway to scrutinise the impact of the 50-employee threshold on the entrepreneurs' intentions and behaviour. The initial description stage focuses on identifying the intentions and types of behaviour adopted and anticipated with regard to the thresholds. Subsequently, as part of an analytical approach, the factors inhibiting and facilitating the crossing of thresholds will be examined.

Keywords: PME, Seuils sociaux, Croissance, Dirigeant, Intention de croissance, Comportement, Appropriation de la croissance, SME, Social thresholds, Growth, Entrepreneur, Growth intention, Behaviour, Growth appropriation, PyME, Umbrales, Crecimiento, Dirigente, Intención de crecimiento, Comportamiento, Apropiación de crecimiento