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The exercise of a remedy precludes a party who is entitled to demand the respect of his prerogative, and one that must meet its obligation. Therefore, the interests are opposed by nature as each party will work to emerge triumphant from the conflict. Thus, there is a significant risk of abuse which justifies punishment. A litigant should not be prejudiced by the exercise of a right. His interests are protected by the moderation of the implementation of the rights of other individuals. Furthermore, the notion of abuse should be framed such as not to prejudice the interests of the various parties. Indeed, the litigants may be deterred by the sanction in the case of an abusive legal process. It would thus violate the access to rights which is fundamental to the achievement of individual rights. The consecration of loyalty would prevent such abuses.

Keywords: Abus, caractérisation, intérêts, action, voie de droit, exécution, Abuse, criteria, interest, action, remedy, execution

The following article describes the extent to which private parties to an international transaction in the free trade area may avoid disputes as to the law applicable to the contract and as to the court that would have the jurisdictional competency to hear disputes arising therefrom. As the study demonstrates serious limitations to the effectiveness of party autonomy, the author concludes that Government intervention is necessary to ensure a more favourable framework for international commercial transactions within the free trade area. The author also examines the growing use of alternative methods to resolve international disputes and makes a certain number of recommendations to improve and increase their use.

Although spousal support has evoked extensive commentary in diverse law reviews, child support has attracted relatively little attention. The following analysis is intended to remedy that omission. It provides an up-to-date and comprehensive review of the child support under the Divorce Act, 1985. After writing this paper, the author formulated the following ten basic rules of child support and one forecast.

This study focuses on the analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation, temperature, and discharge indices in the wadi Mina watershed (6 048 km2) in the Algerian northwest during the period of 1979-2013.The application of the non-parametric test of Kruskal-Wallis on rainfall indices has revealed that the total annual rainfall and the maximum number of consecutive rainy days show a large spatial variability. The number of days with high discharge decreases from the north to the south of the basin. As for the Mann-Kendall test, it revealed a decreasing trend in total annual rainfall. On the other hand, the maximal and minimal temperatures significantly increased with time. It was the same for the sequences of consecutive dry days, rainfall intensities and extremely rainy days. Also, the frequency of days with high discharge has decreased, while that with low discharge has increased in the three wadis Mina, Haddad and El Abd. Finally, the decrease in rainfall and the increase in temperature have generated a decline in water resources.

Keywords: température, pluies, débits, oued Mina, Algérie, Kruskal-Wallis, tendance, Mann-Kendall, temperature, rainfall, discharge, wadi Mina, Algeria, Kruskal-Wallis, trend, Mann-Kendall

AbstractBiosorbents, especially those derived from seaweed (macroscopic algae) and alginate derivatives, exhibit high affinity for many metal ions. Because biosorbents are widely abundant (usually biodegradable) and less expensive than industrial synthetic adsorbents, they hold great potential for the removal of toxic metals from industrial effluents. Various studies have demonstrated the efficiency of living and non-living micro-organisms, such as bacteria, yeasts, moulds, micro-algae, cyanobacteria and biomass from water treatment sewage to remove metals from solution. Several types of organic and inorganic biomass have also been used as sorbent materials. In addition, by-products from the forestry industry, as well as agriculture waste and natural sorbents, have also been studied. This paper reviews and summarizes some key recent developments in these areas and it describes and discusses some specific applications of selected natural sorbents.

Keywords: Metal, removal, adsorption, alginate, seaweed, natural sorbent, wastewater, effluent, treatment, métal, enlèvement, adsorption, alginate, algue, eau usée, sorbant naturel, effluent, traitement

This article applies approaches from current emotion research on material affective scaffolds—objects made and used to enhance, and more generally transform, affective states—to the emerging field of study focusing on emotions in ancient Near Eastern societies. Its main goal is to extend the framework of 4E cognition—with its central notion that human cognition is embodied, embedded, enactive, and extended—to the realm of affective states, emphasizing that through our bodily interactions with material objects we transform not just our cognitive processes but also our emotions, moods, and so forth. Thereby, the present study seeks to contribute to the exploration of the relationships between sensory experiences, emotions, moods, and the material world by investigating the affective meanings that material things acquire through people’s entanglements with them.The study focuses on one particular class of objects—Mesopotamian amulets from the first millennium BC, which served as bodily adornments but were also understood to have the power to evoke affective responses through their activation in ritual performances. Referring to scholarly compendia in Mesopotamian cuneiform texts, this study demonstrates that these objects were recommended by healing experts to influence different affective states, both in oneself and others. It examines the connection between affective states and specific material features of the amulet components (consisting of minerals, metals, and plant and animal substances). Finally, Mesopotamian views of affective states and their management are compared with those of contemporary cognitive-affective science. This comparison shows that although there are some analogies, there are also important differences that depend mainly on different understandings of the human mind and agency.

Keywords: 4E-Cognition, Affective States, Emotions, Material Affective Scaffolds, Ancient Mesopotamian Healing Texts, Amulets

The goal of this article is describing reinsurance principles and major forms of reinsurance: proportional reinsurance, non proportional reinsurance, compulsory reinsurance and facultative reinsurance. The author concludes on the reinsurer'sperformance mitigated by several catastrophic events in the recent years, the need of financing fosses and the importance of setting up new protection mechanisms.

Keywords: Réassurance, traité, réassurance proportionnelle, réassurance non proportionnelle, réassurance obligatoire, réassurance facultative, Reinsurance, treaty, proportional reinsurance, non proportional reinsurance, compulsory reinsurance, facultative reinsurance