Documents found
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551.More information
The conventional placement of the boundary between “medieval” and “early modern” periods in Scottish history has obscured our understanding of certain developments in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Scotland. This paper proposes a reconsideration of periodization so that the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries be examined against the backdrop of early modern (rather than medieval) historical scholarship, and not only in the context of Europe but also in the more expansive field of Atlantic history. With such a shift in periodical alignment, several features become more apparent including a change to religious culture in connection with the Catholic Reformation, an increase in social discipline that helped shape the Protestant Reformation, and early participation in the Atlantic slave trade.
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552.More information
The infrastructures that underpin scholarship and research, including repositories, curation systems, aggregators, indexes and standards, are public goods. Finding sustainability models to support them is a challenge due to free-loading, where someone who does not contribute to the support of an infrastructure nonetheless gains the benefit of it. The work of Mancur Olson (1965) suggests that there are only three ways to address this for large groups: compelling all potential users, often through some form of taxation, to support the infrastructure; providing non-collective (club) goods to contributors that are created as a side-effect of providing the collective good; or implementing mechanisms that lower the effective number of participants in the negotiation (oligopoly).In this paper, I use Olson's framework to analyse existing scholarly infrastructures and proposals for the sustainability of new infrastructures. This approach provides some important insights. First, it illustrates that the problems of sustainability are not merely ones of finance but of political economy, which means that focusing purely on financial sustainability in the absence of considering governance principles and community is the wrong approach. The second key insight this approach yields is that the size of the community supported by an infrastructure is a critical parameter. Sustainability models will need to change over the life cycle of an infrastructure with the growth (or decline) of the community. In both cases, identifying patterns for success and creating templates for governance and sustainability could be of significant value. Overall, this analysis demonstrates a need to consider how communities, platforms, and finances interact and suggests that a political economic analysis has real value.
Keywords: infrastructure, financing, governance, collective action, scholarship
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553.More information
Keywords: plurilinguisme, discours sur la diversité, idéologies de la pluralité, discours « linguistico‐politiquement corrects », processus de légitimation
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555.More information
AbstractThis paper investigates the important presence of French culture and language in Central and Eastern Europe. Members of the French-speaking communities since 1992, Bulgaria and Romania adopted French as a "cultural language". The first part of this paper considers the main reasons for Bulgarian membership in the Francophonie and analyses the situation of the French language in Bulgarian éducation and culture. The second part focuses its attention on the francophile and francophone tradition in Romania, stressing on affective feature of this tradition. This paper reveals the importance of political, économie and cultural factors.
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559.
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560.More information
From the coming into force of the Free Trade Agreement between Canada and the United States in 1989 to the second referendum on Québec sovereignty in 1995, references to the European construction were present in political debates. After the 1995 Referendum, references to the European construction became scarce. References to the European construction, during the period prior to the referendum, and their absence, following the 1995 Québec referendum, indicate how Canadian and Québec political microcosms work. There is a strategic selection of elements about the European construction in the context of Canada-Québec relations and the evolution of Canadian federalism. This strategic selection of elements is in keeping with the struggle to conquer the political space. The uses of references to the European construction in political discourses obeyed a partisan logic aimed at making more convincing arguments of Federalist and Sovereignist forces. This study brings to light what we call the « mirror effect » because the object under study reveals more about the Canada-Québec Constitutional issue than Europe.