Documents found
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565.
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566.More information
AbstractUsing an historical perspective, this article analyses the change from a « skill » model of post-graduate training to a more « professional » model. This also promotes collective work and the development of presentation and communication techniques. The time period for completing the degree requirements is strictly controlled. These characteristics of post-graduate training, being similar to those of American graduate schools, are found in various degrees in French « doctorate schools », in German « graduate colleges », and in « research schools » in the Netherlands. However, all these organizational arrangements have their own specific characteristics that distinguish them from the American graduate schools.
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567.More information
AbstractIn European universities, the « culture » of evaluation has only recently appeared, that is, in the beginning of the 90's. To understand the global context, it is necessary to analyse the historical and political contexts that moulded different university systems. This was found in the call for research by the European commission, with the study EVALUE, regarding eight European countries, and described in the first part of the article. Secondly is a description of the state of evaluation in European universities, followed by a description of the dynamics in place. Lastly, the author proposes a typology for evaluation in European universities.
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568.
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570.More information
Between 1950 and 1970, espionage has had considerable success throughout Europe. Films, television series, and collections of novels, comic strips, or photonovels are distributed by the hundreds and circulate widely between countries, thus contributing to the redefinition of a European cultural identity and to its homogenization through translations, co-productions and agreements between publishers. Marked by a strong serialization of discourse, these narratives help to redefine the European imaginaries in the aftermath of the upheavals of the Second World War. Marginalized on the international scene, weakened in its former colonial territories, traumatized by past conflicts between nations, Europe reinvents itself in these works, staging logics of inter-state collaboration and redefining its geopolitical representations. It negotiates between recognizing its decline and asserting its role in new ways. But it is also in the sphere of manners, sexuality, or consumption that the tale of espionage reflects the tensions that go through the changing societies of The Glorious Thirty, in a discourse that oscillates between fascination and repression. In this respect, even though they are low-end productions intended for entertainment, and perhaps for this very reason, the tales of espionage demonstrate the ability of serial productions to account for the mutations of the imaginaries in coping with the transformations of an era.