Documents found
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792.More information
At the beginning of the 21st century, one should pose questions about refugee protection and the forms that the protection shall be taking in the near future. The tensions between races, nationalities, ethno-religious groups as well as demographic explosion and underdevelopment which are some of the causes of refugee movements are unlikely to disappear in the near future. The presence of refugees on the territory of a State necessitates their protection both at national and international level. The international protection is assured by United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and, among others, by the European Court of Humans Rights, Interamerican Court of Human Rights and the American Convention of Human Rights “Pacte de San José de Costa Rica ”, as well as by the services of the Organization of African Unity. Regarding the forms of protection, the asylum crisis and the institution of the temporary protection are again topical issues.
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793.
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796.More information
With the near general closure of borders in 2020, many European states have encouraged their citizens to resort to domestic tourism, i.e. , within their borders, to avoid the collapse of an entire section of their economy. Is this the sign of a permanent evolution of the tourism model toward a practice of proximity, as some authors suggest that the crisis linked to COVID-19 could finally put an end to international (over-)tourism, which has been decried for several years? This analysis is subject to debate. By examining the crises of the 20 th century and the beginning of the 21 st century, this article proposes to understand how the dynamics of international tourism and domestic tourism in Europe have been associated, with a particular focus on the French case. It is a cumulative process (and not an opposing one) that gradually took place during the 20 th century in Europe. If international tourism has been systematically perceived as a tool for capturing the foreign currency necessary for post-crisis recovery since the First World War, gradually serving as a model (as with a strategy to move upmarket during the Great Depression), domestic tourism, due to its permanence, has often been used by the tourist actors in order to lay the foundations for international tourism, for example with the investment plans in the second half of the 20 th century. In that respect, the study of the long term offers a necessary perspective to better perceive the stakes involved in the management of tourism during the crisis that arose from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: crise, international, domestique, investissements, satisfaction., crisis, international, domestic, investments, satisfaction.
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798.More information
L’objet de ce travail vise à déterminer si le transport aérien en Europe relève d’une compétence partagée entre l’Union européenne (UE) et les États membres, ou s’il s’agit plutôt d’une occupation du terrain par l’UE dans cette matière ? Ainsi, nous verrons en quoi consiste le cadre règlementaire communautaire portant sur le transport aérien en Europe. Dans un premier temps, nous porterons notre attention sur des aspects généraux entourant l’aviation en Europe, comme par exemple la mise en place d’un marché unique de l’aviation ainsi que les ententes « ciel ouvert ». Puis, dans un second temps nous procéderons à l’analyse du cadre règlementaire spécifique portant sur des aspects tels que l’environnement, les droits des passagers aériens, la sécurité et la sûreté.
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800.More information
It is generally accepted that maritime strategy, which has never ceased to be one of the main concerns of the American strategists since 1898, has contributed significantly to the changes which have occurred in strategic thought since 1981, and that it has an influence on the evolution of the Atlantic Alliance. In this study, an attempt is made to full the gaps in the thoughts on US maritime strategy by focussing on an analysis of the debate as revived by the 1982 war in the Malvinas although such debate was current under the Carter administration; a debate which has attracted very little attention, if any, from those who have been studying the question of expenditures in Europe. It opposes two of the main schools of thought in strategy, namely the maritimist and the coalitionist.