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Objectives – Consultation of internet sources for educational and research purposes is the new normal. As a result of information communication technology, information creation and access are more convenient. The current study was carried out to investigate the proportion of use of internet sources for research purposes by research scholars of three central universities of North East India, namely Tezpur University, Mizoram University, and Rajiv Gandhi University. Methods – The researchers collected data from 123 respondents through an online questionnaire that was distributed through different social media platforms. The study was conducted among Research Scholars (PhD and M.Phil) of Mizoram University, Rajiv Gandhi University, and Tezpur University. Results – The research results show that research communities are moving toward digital platforms for searching and consulting their required resources. Most of the respondents consult internet sources for writing their research reports, but they do not format the references properly. Some research scholars do not follow any referencing style for citing web documents, and respondents do not have much awareness about the differences between URLs and DOIs. Research communities also face problems due to the inaccessibility of online documents cited by former researchers. Conclusion – Since most of the respondents are not familiar with the use of web archives, the current study suggests that higher education institutions should arrange awareness programs on the use of web archives. Research communities should follow the proper referencing formats to acknowledge others’ works. Publishers should mandate a citation style for authors and verify the accuracy of the references before publishing articles or other works.

This text focuses on the development of informal education and its relationship with parallel traditions notably youth work, adult education, informal learning and social pedagogy. Some discussion will occur regarding the tensions between formal and informal education. Finally consideration will be given to the recent and contemporary role of the state in relation to the funding and development of informal education.

Keywords: éducation informelle, informal education, educación informal, public funding, financement public, financiación pública, Europe, Europe, Europa

After the Romanian Revolution (1989), aware of the stake in the initial training for the well-being of the society, teachers began working with the aim of the sustainable development of his partner, the learner, and of oneself. Supported by the researches undertaken by didacticiens and benefiting from the development of ICTS (information and communication technologies), to give a constructive sense to our indignations, we made a commitment in inter-university projects. From electronic exchanges between Romanian and Belgian students, a team of young French speakers was established to develop a project of summer French-speaking School (EFE) for learners from 7 to 22 years old resulting from eleven schools of the region, from the humanitarian association Forum of Onesti and from the University V. Alecsandri of Bacau. During the EFE, the success of which confronts in quantitative participation (112 children, teenagers and young people) and qualitative (posters, articles for the journal) of the students, theater show), we learned about solidarity and contributed to our sustainable development.

Keywords: enseñanza-aprendizaje del FLE, teaching-learning of the FLE, enseignement-apprentissage du FLE, project based pedagogy, pédagogie du projet, pedagogía del proyecto, école francophone d’été, summer French-speaking school, la escuela francófona de verano, développement durable, el desarrollo sostenible, sustainable development

Educational hub refers to centres of excellence in higher education and research whose aims are to provide high-quality education for both national and international students to enhance the competitiveness of the country. These educational hubs provide an opportunity for knowledge exchanges and innovation in local regions through education and training. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, rapid shifts were made towards online learning in education around the world. Although the lockdown is over, remote learning will likely play an increasingly prominent role in education. The adoption of scaled remote learning during the pandemic provided evidence of the importance of online learning. They offer an insight into global society, helping prepare students for an increasingly interconnected world by facilitating links between different regions. Educational hubs can be tied to distance learning and are successful in attracting international students when offering a combination of distance learning methods and innovative programs. This paper examines the phenomenon of educational hubs in higher education for international education through online learning with digital technology. New opportunities for online and distance learning within the definition of educational hubs are analyzed, and three online and blended learning models that reflect the development of educational hubs based on COVID-19 conditions of education are offered. In addition, the successful cases and experiences of distance learning hubs in China and Iran in recent years are described.

Keywords: centre éducatif, educational hub, COVID-19, COVID-19, Iran, Iran, China, China

Objective – NosoBase® is a collection of documentation centres with a national bibliographic database dedicated to infection prevention and control (IPC), with over 20 years of experience in France. As a quality assurance activity, this study was conducted in 2017 with a three-step approach to evaluate the bibliographic database regarding (1) the availability and coverage of citations; (2) the scope and relevance of content; and (3) the quality of the documentation centre services. Methods – The three-step quality approach involved (1) evaluating the availability and coverage of citations in NosoBase® by searching for the bibliographic citations of three systematic reviews on hand hygiene practices, published recently in three different peer-reviewed international journals; (2) evaluating the scope and relevance of content in NosoBase® by searching for all documents from 2015 indexed in NosoBase® under hand hygiene related keywords, and analyzing according to publication language, document type (e.g., legislation, research, or guidelines), and target audience; and 3) evaluating the strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities of the documentation centre services, with interviews involving the librarians. Results – NosoBase® contained 70.8%-80.9% of references directly concerning hand hygiene cited by the three systematic reviews. Of the 200 articles indexed in NosoBase® under hand hygiene related keywords in 2015, 22.5% were French language based, with a significant representation of French non-indexed literature. The analysis of the documentation centre services highlighted future opportunities for growth, building on the strengths of experience and collaborations, to improve marketing and usability, targeting francophone IPC professionals. Conclusion – Specialized bibliographic databases may be useful and time efficient for the retrieval of relevant specialized content. NosoBase® has significant relevance to French and francophone healthcare professionals in its representation of French documentation and healthcare literature not otherwise indexed internationally. NosoBase® needs to highlight its resources and adapt its services to allow easier access to its content.

In 2018, the artisan craftsmanship behind the Fourme de Montbrison was listed in the inventory of intangible cultural heritage of France. After Salers in 2016, it is the second cheese, in France, to obtain this type of heritage recognition. This blue-veined AOC-certified cheese, made from raw or pasteurized cow's milk, is one of the trailblazing cheese products in the process of associating heritage (especially intangible heritage) with local development. With this new “label,” which gives this product visibility beyond the borders of Forez and the Loire, local actors are activey playing the «food and culinary heritage» card to develop their territory. Invested with a role beyond its primary nutritional functions, this product seems to be perceived as a response to many issues. Whether it is a question of the values carried by this local product, the expected performativity, the commodification and the mobilization of heritage for economic purposes, this trend questions the notion of heritage. We present here the first elements of an ongoing study rich in paradoxes: the stages of the adding to heritage the Fourme de Montbrison and the understanding of the phenomenon through the deciphering of heritage discourses.

In 2014, the National Museum of Denmark (NMD), in conjunction with the Greenland National Museum and Archives (Nunatta Katersugaasivia Allagaateqarfialu [NKA]), as well as the Museum of Cultural History, Oslo, launched the website Skin Clothing Online. The site presents the NMD's total collection of 2,170 historic skin clothing items, dating from circa 1830 to 1950, from the circumpolar area. The clothing can be studied in minute detail due to high-resolution photos; 100 complete suits were photographed from all sides. Furthermore, 107 items of clothing were measured by means of 3D technology, which can be used to draw precise two-dimensional patterns. The documentation is made accessible to the public through a website, in compliance with creative commons licenses: CC-BY-SA for the photos and CC-BY-SA-NC for the patterns. The website uses content from the database SkinBase. Since 2017 parts of the NKA's collection of archeological skin clothing from Qilakitsoq (circa 1475 AD), as well as historical garments and contemporary fashions, have also been made accessible, in keeping with the same copyright rules for photos. The NKA staff entered the items into the database without difficulty using a Virtual Private Connection (VPN). The Danish and Greenlandic national museums encourage international partners to contribute items to the website. The aim is to create a collaborative open forum for information and research with easy access for everybody to unique, fragile pieces of circumpolar cultural heritage. With clothing from Arctic peoples and clothing used on expeditions to Antarctica, the Polar Museum in Cambridge will be the next museum to contribute to the website.

Starting in the 1990s, Morocco intiated a process of recognition of the different identities, whether of Berber or of Jewish origin, that contributed to the formation of Moroccan identity throughout time. In fact, up until the 1990s, and according to the pan-Arabist atmosphere of the time, state policies in Morocco sought to hide and marginalize all non-Arab historical and cultural heritages. The change in policies tha occurred in the 1990s gave rise to a whole new set of issues in terms of memory and heritage politics. The interest shown by King Mohammed VI, who wanted all Jewish cemeteries in Morocco to be restored with funds coming directly from the Royal Palace, helped to recover 167 Jewish cemeteries in Morocco only in 2015. Against this background, the case of Meknes is unique and interesting to analyse. As one of the most important cities for the history of Jews in Morocco, Meknes up until today has no place of Jewish memory restored and preserved as such, except for a partial restoration of the old cemetery made in 2017. The cemetery of the ancient mellah in Meknes, in particular, presents a unique urban typology that sees the tombs nestling along its walls, the holiest among them being placed at the foot of the walls themselves, as if to protect, from this position, the entire mellah. It is then the specific case of Meknes and the forgetting of its Jewish heritage that will be the object of my analysis.

In this article, we share our experience conducting research with Métis women as Métis women researchers. We engaged in promising research practices through visiting, ceremony, and creative methods of art and writing embedded in what we identify as a learning-by-doing practice. Through collaborative and Indigenous relational methodology, we sought to support a culturally safe, nurturing space where Métis women could learn from one another and express Métis knowledge about the specific roles and responsibilities of Métis Aunties within our respective kinship system. This inquiry into the roles of Métis Aunties included a creative art and writing dialogue event in the Métis river community of St. Louis in Saskatchewan, attended by women who were Métis Aunties or nieces. The purpose of the event was to learn more about our Métis Aunties, building on Dr. Kim Anderson's (2016) extensive research on women's roles in the governance, care, and wellness of our healthy/balanced kinship systems. We chose this specific region because of its historical significance to Métis people as a river place, and our own personal connections to Métis families in this area. We share our processes in learning with and from other Métis women in order to contribute to the growing literature on relational approaches to research.

Keywords: Métis women, Métis Aunties, Indigenous relational methodology, kinship systems

The Grim Reaper, one of the thanatic images of western iconography, has often been used in artistic and cinematographic creation. It has also been the subject of a humorous reinterpretation, which will be explored in this paper using contemporary examples (movie, cartoons and drawings available on the Internet). The analysis highlights scenographic and discursive strategies to create humorous effects (incongruity, aggressiveness, quid pro quo, etc.) that aim to humanize death by exploring the stakes and dilemmas that the Grim Reaper encounters in its existence and role.

Keywords: Grande Faucheuse, humour, film, bande dessinée, dessins humoristiques, Grim Reaper, humor, film, cartoons, humoristic drawings