Search Results

Predictive and data-driven policing systems continue to proliferate around the world, enticing police forces with promises of improvements in efficiency and the ability to offer various ways of addressing the future to pre-empt, predict, or prevent crime. As more of these systems become operationalised in England and Wales, this paper takes up Duarte’s (2021) observation that there is a lack of description as to what such systems actually are. This paper adapts a social network methodology to explore what is a data-driven policing system. Using a police force in England, UK, as a case study, we provide a visualisation of a data-driven policing system based on the data flows it requires to operate. The paper shows how a disparate network of affiliate organisations act as collators of specific data types that are then used in a range of policing applications. We make visible how data travels from its source through various nodes and the various potential points of translation that occur. We show, as others have argued before us, the data points used are proxies for poverty, making certain groups and sections of society highly visible to the digital system whilst other groups and crimes become less visible—and sometimes even hidden.

Keywords: predictive policing of poverty, data-driven policing, visualizing data flows, visibility, United Kingdom

This article expounds the competencies that are essential for managing artificial intelligence (AI) in organizations, with emphasis on ethics, but also including the issues from a managerial, technical, human, inclusive and responsible point of view. In the context of change associated with digital transformation, organizations that are digitizing, by integrating AI, need to identify the ethical issues and the associated required competencies to manage AI projects. The issues related to the development and management of AI projects are complex and different from those related to traditional IT project management. This complexity raises ethical, legal and social responsibility questions regarding AI, from an equity, diversity and inclusion perspective. These will have implications for the competencies expected of AI project managers in the future. Our research aimed to identify these competency issues and describe them, which is done through interviews and focus groups with experts from the AI community, in the broader context of a research on AI management. This article focuses primarily on the ethical issues emerging from our review of written works and meetings with AI experts, and their resonance in the Quebec AI ecosystem. We therefore here focus on questions of ethics, labour market transformation, governance and social responsibility. This article is organized in seven parts: introduction, issues, literature review, methodology, results, discussion and conclusion. The current challenges of AI in Quebec are given in terms of ethical management of innovative technologies, as well as the transformation of labour markets associated with AI. These key issues were identified in our 25 research interviews and three focus groups. In conclusion is a set of recommendations to promote change while considering ethical issues linked to turning towards AI.

Keywords: Gouvernance et éthique de l’IA, compétence en éthique, EDI (équité, diversité et inclusion), gestion de l’IA, écosystème québécois d’IA

Linguistic risks are situations in which learners are pushed out of their comfort zone to use the target language in meaningful and authentic settings. This article outlines a novel pedagogical and research approach to language learning through linguistic risk-taking. I review the construct of linguistic risk from interdisciplinary perspectives and describe the context, rationale, and development of an innovative initiative for supporting French and English language learning at the University of Ottawa, the largest bilingual (English-French) university in the world. Data from 554 participants collected through a Linguistic Risk-Taking Passport, a tool allowing learners to self-report risk-taking patterns, propose additional risks, and add qualitative comments are analyzed to validate the approach. Avenues for transformation of the tool into a digital app and its relevance to other contexts and other languages are also discussed.

Keywords: Linguistic Risk-Taking Initiative and Passport, language teaching and learning, innovation

The aim of this task-based needs analysis is two-fold: firstly, to uncover the tasks performed by U.S.-based Spanish-language flight attendants and the associated language needs and, in doing so, to expand the breadth of task-based needs analysis (TBNA) through the application of multiple methods and sources (Long, 2005) and tackling the under-researched issue of transfer from TBNA to task design (Gilabert & Malica, 2021a; 2021b). A questionnaire-guided interview and online survey were used. Analysis of the extracted information illuminated the essential tasks and subtasks (Gilabert, 2005), including details regarding frequency, need for training, and language use. Findings suggest that each task and subtask requires varying amounts of Spanish, as well as knowledge of distinct linguistic dimensions. Triangulation of multiple sources and methods adds to the understanding of the tasks and language needs. Finally, suggestions as to how the outcome of this NA may transfer to task design are presented, hence extending the field of TBNA.

Keywords: languages for special purposes (LSP), need analysis, task-based language teaching, second language research methodology, spanish for specific purposes

Crises cause fear, panic, uncertainty, and helplessness. Uncertainty and insecurity challenge everyone involved; everyone expects instructions, planning, explanations and security. However, we confront scaremongering, simplifications, a range of legitimation strategies and fallacies. Specifically, the fallacies are often placed before community, national or even local interests. These developments are illustrated with a detailed qualitative and quantitative discourse analysis of debates in Austria, in the summer of 2023. I argue that the fallacious appeals to common sense and normality depend on their context, with different content, functions, and effects being observable. Such appeals instrumentalize a ‘politics of emotions’ in different ways. Thus, a novel political logic is normalized, superseding rational discourse, deliberation, and expert-led policy formulation.

Keywords: common sense, discourse-historical approach, discourse-strand, fallacy, mainstreaming, normalization, normality, populism, topos

This article aims to theorize the concept of “lyricapitalism” to spark a dialogue around the constellation of antinomies that popular music in Nigeria, especially hip-hop, navigates, grapples with, and articulates. By lyricapitalism, I mean lyrical representations of capitalist ideologies, most notably obsession with money, sleeplessness, and cyber-scam culture. I situate lyricapitalism in relation toJonathan Crary’s framework of 24/7 capitalism and Cedric Robinson’s idea of racial capitalism. I argue that Nigerian hip-hop’s lyricapitalism must be interrogated and deconstructed in the context of local and global power relations that marginalize most Nigerian youths and colonially configure them for disposability. I conclude that a new subculture of Nigerian hip-hop is emerging that represents counterculture as authenticity, aesthetics, resistance, and subversion.

Scholars disagree over whether the employment of artificial intelligence technologies entails an inevitable exercise of power over people or whether such technologies can be configured in such a way as to allow a plurality of possible ways to engage in governance. This article uses the media ecology approach to analysis to demonstrate that the concern that artificial intelligence technologies that appear to be mundane are in fact involved in the exercise of power over people is valid. It contributes to the existing literature by showing that numerous applications of artificial intelligence that people use on an everyday basis interact to amplify one another’s effects. These technologies are the electric toothbrush, internet search engine, smartphone, social media and the use of artificial intelligence as part of the decision-making process. These effects occur at the levels of the individual, city, state and inter-state. These effects are cascading and interconnected rather than occurring on distinct planes. The exercise of power over the individual by the state and the corporations becomes difficult to disentangle. Therefore, states need to cooperate regarding governing artificial intelligence and technology companies if they are to meaningfully protect people from harmful effects.

Keywords: media ecology, governance, artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence decision-making processes, smartphone, social media, internet search engine, electric toothbrush

The COVID 19 health crisis has had a particularly significant impact on the catering sector in France (restaurant closures, mass departures, etc.). But to what extent has the resulting destabilization disrupted the previous way the sector operates? In this article, we explore the extent to which the health crisis has undermined its "ordinary normativity", characterized by a strong demand for loyalty through informal arrangements, and the distancing of national andstate regulations. To do this, we will draw on material from two studies: one on restaurant directors and managers confronted with the health crisis, and the other on cooks' relationship to work. We show that, while the health crisis was accompanied by control regulations that were fairly well received by employers, it also put to test the informal supports on which loyalty is built in working relationships in the sector. The closures represented a suspended period of time, invested by employers in the continuity of previous modes of regulation. But the conditions of the reopening and the wage standards of regulation introduced by government aids helped to cast a shadow over the sector's "ordinary normativity" and gave rise to conflicts of loyalty - the scope and limits of which need to be questioned.

Keywords: Restaurant industry, Restauration, Covid19, Covid19, Activity, Activité, Regulation, Régulation, Loyalty, Loyauté

This paper aims to develop the criteria for assessing semantic arguments. However, while this notion constituted the core of ancient dialectics and is addressed in several approaches to argument analysis, the criteria for evaluating such arguments are insufficient. This paper intends to address this problem by combining the insights of classical and contemporary logic and testing them against some controversies involving controversial definitions or classifications. Through detailed case studies of the argumentative uses involving the (re)definitions of racism, war, peace, and feminism, we formulated and tested eight evaluation criteria that may be expressed as critical questions.

Keywords: argumentation schemes, classification, correctness of a definition, critical questions, definition, persuasive definition, semantic argument