Documents found
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121.More information
Given the importance of VSEs/SMEs in the French economy, one of the challenges of public policies is to promote their growth and this requires, among other things, easy access to financing. Today, their main mode of financing remains the bank loan. However, banks do not always provide the requested funding. Based on this observation, we became interested in crowdfunding as a source of complementary funding. We identify about one hundred French platforms for financing business projects. Seven of them are located in the Breton territory and can largely finance the projects of companies present on this territory. This brings us to a questioning on what links a regional territory to a crowdfunding platform taking Breton as an example. To answer this questioning, our research was conducted in two stages, firstly by a phase to characterize the crowdfunding on our territory of study then by a comprehensive phase. The first phase consisted of drawing up a panorama of crowdfunding in Brittany. The comprehensive phase led us to classify the platforms into four categories, linking territory and platforms, and brought out the concept of “phygitalization,” which combines digital and physical presence.
Keywords: Crowdfunding, Plateforme, TPE/PME, Territoire, Phygitalisation, Crowdfunding, Platform, VSE/SME, Territory, Phygitalization, Crowdfunding, Plataforma, Microempresas, Pequeñas y medianas empresas, Territorio, Fitalización
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122.More information
Coastal wetlands have undergone major changes in the west of France, particularly since the 18th century, and are now undergoing processes to protect their natural character. This paper, the result of doctoral research, examines the natural heritage of three Atlantic coastal wetlands in the context of global changes. Management documents and a qualitative survey of 27 interviews with nature conservationists and site users show that these protected heritages are the result of a convergence of ecological, political and social realities. These heritages are now recognized and appropriated by managers and users. Secondly, an analysis of the interviews highlights the different visions of these landscapes and reveals the controversy over the choice of reference states for these protected natural areas and their future evolution. These controversies have their origins in the plurality of social representations of nature held by users and managers, and in the influence of the paradigms surrounding the protection of natural environments, and the environmental history of the sites studied.
Keywords: patrimoine, zone humide littorale, paysage, dires d’acteurs, état de référence, controverses environnementales, heritage, coastal wetlands, landscape, stakeholders' views, baseline, environmental controversies
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125.More information
AbstractThis article explores the effects of the death of a spouse on the eating habits of seniors, when “cooking for yourself” starts to be a problem. Observed changes in eating habits are examined with respect to the social conditions that produce them. These changes vary with gender and the presence of and type of physical disability, and make more overall sense when seen as a function of the social structure of eating habits. The problematising of eating problems provides a research focus for the analysis of aging and sheds significant light on this issue. Changes in eating habits associated with becoming a widow or widower are a fertile focus for analysis that can help us understand the daily problems faced by seniors and their coping strategies.
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126.More information
This article presents a non-formal sector action-research program in the field of environment-related education, guided by a research worker who is a voluntary sector employee herself. It presents actors and processes, while the results show the difficulties of its implementation. It also observes the disincentives to its validation and legitimization.
Keywords: éducation à l'environnement, praticien réflexif, recherche action, savoirs, milieu associatif, environmental education, reflective practitioners, action research, knowledge, associations
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127.More information
SummaryIn the face of criticisms concerning the "essential nature" of a sociology which attempts to construct youth as a "category", another perspective has developed in France. This is based on the analysis of the "entry into adult life", that is, the transition from one age period to another and the combination of professional and family timetables. This perspective has also made it possible to analyze the question of postponing the entry into adult life and the de-synchronization of the stages which mark this phase of the life cycle. This paper, after presenting a brief history of this approach within the framework of French sociology, presents the most recent results of note regarding the lengthening and the redefinition of the transition to the adult age category, from a survey carried out in 1992 by the Institut français de la statistique. 3. L'enquête permettait de repérer le " type de compagnie " avec laquelle était pratiquée l'activité : seul, avec membres du ménage, collègues, amis, membres de l'administration.
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129.More information
In the two countries under study, health insurance partly falls under the social economy. This is the case of supplementary health insurance in France and basic health-insurance coverage in Germany. The non-profit organizations concerned are relatively independent of the government, and they now have to operate on a market while retaining social objectives. This article shows how they are changing their practices in this context. Increasingly market-oriented activities are combined with initiatives designed to preserve the distributional aims. However, the extent of institutionalization in the system turns out to be crucial to equal access to care. The future of distributional aims in the end depends on the individuals in the agencies, because they are the ones who have to find new ways of mitigating the consequences of economic competition.