Documents found
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134.More information
After the wreck of Erika and the Prestige, repressive measures concerning the illicit discharges of hydrocarbons from ships were three times modified (laws of May 3rd, 2001, March 9th, 2004 and August 1st, 2008). The sources of this repressive device appearing henceforth to articles L.218-10 and following ones of the Code of the environment are rather complex because they are national, international or they come from Community Law. To give responsibilities the various actors of the sea transport, the Legislator widened the circle of the responsible persons by strengthening considerably the applicable punishments. So, in case of voluntary pollution, the punishments can rise until 10 years of detention and 15 million euro of fine. Moreover, the system is particularly succeeded when the pollution is involuntary because the planned punishments depend on three criteria : The gravity of the fault of committed carelessness, the gravity of the damage caused to the environment and the size of the ship. They can achieve 7 years of detention and 10,5 million euro of fine in the event of an accident of sea aggravated. But this indisputable intensification of the penal responsibility is sometimes done in trompe-l'oeil. Indeed, the repressive device reveals incoherence because of a likely retroactive application of the softer measures of the law of August 1st, 2008 but also the uncertainties of abstract or procedural order. These abnormalities demonstrate the symbolic dimension and not instrumental which takes on too often the criminal law in environmental protection.
Keywords: responsabilité pénale environnementale, rejet d'hydrocarbures, sécurité maritime, délits de pollution des mers, peine de sanction-réparation, procès de l'Erika, Environmental penal responsibility, Discharge of hydrocarbons, Maritime security, Offences of marine pollution, Punishment of penalty-repair, Trial of Erika
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135.More information
AbstractThis article concerns a multidisciplinary research project begun over a year ago on the putting-into-words of the working-class habitat in Rennes (France). In an area reputed to be gallo-speaking (a form of Breton), certain streets in this city have bilingual signs (French-Celtic Breton). Discourse on the city as a whole is correlated to sociolinguistic discourse (that deals with sociolinguistic stratification and linguistic mobility) and interrogated from three aspects: 1. multi or bilingual signage and discrimination of spaces; 2. the use of languages on signage (in street names) and traces of sociolinguistic memory; 3. linguistic planning of urban spaces (imposition, reproduction, validation or denial of a sociolinguistic memory) and glottopolitical interventionism.
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136.More information
AbstractWork of the mentally ill in France. A story of a side-stepped social usefulness The concept of "mental alienation" in a etymological and philosophical sense means "a subjective process by which an individual becomes stranger to himself". Alienation covers the feeling of powerlessness (being unable to influence the course of events), the absence of recognition of social norms leading to mental and social isolation, finally, lack of significance (not understanding the world in which we live). Following Engels and Marx, the modern worker, like the mentally ill, is also touched by a kind of alienation, this time objective. Like mental illness, work renders the individual a stranger to himself and leads to multiple forms of enslavement, by the absence of power on his conduct, by the blind obedience to social norms, and by the reification of the alienated product of labour of its human essence leading to the loss of meaning (Rosner, 1967).
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137.
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138.More information
In this article, we propose a reading of two French novels of the extreme contemporary literature, Naissance d'un pont by Maylis de Kerangal (2010) and L'Homme des haies by Jean-Loup Trassard (2012). These authors present characters who live, on the margins or completely outside of a human environment, a unique interaction with the animal or vegetable kingdoms. The article focuses on how novelists argue in favour of sympathy for those who live authentic experiences in nature – experiences that industrial progress and ecological problems may soon make impossible. The paper also discusses the writing work that accompanies the descriptions and positions of the authors studied and take into account how they play with the conventions of realist (Trassard) and epic (Kerangal) novels.
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139.More information
Since the late 1980s, geography didacticians and standard texts have presented problematization in geography teaching. Is this problematization easy to actualize in the teaching practices of generalist teachers in French elementary schools? After defining the terms “problem” and “problematization” in the context of classroom teaching, we offer teachers didactical suggestions for their use. We then analyse results of empirical research that sheds light on teaching geography with little “problematization.” This leads to the observation that “problematization” in geography teaching in elementary schools is not necessarily always present.
Keywords: géographie scolaire, école primaire, problématisation, didactique, travail enseignant, school geography, elementary school, problematization, didactics, teaching, geografía escolar, escuela primaria, problematización, didáctica, trabajo docente
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140.More information
The Catholic sociology of Catholicism studies the place of Catholicism in societies through scientific approaches for a ministry-oriented purpose. This article seeks to tell the story and to analyze the fate of this disciplinary field in the French context, connecting the scientific outputs with the personal positions of the main protagonists. Impelled in the early 1930s by an academic, Gabriel Le Bras, the Catholic sociology of Catholicism took off after 1945, with the help of Church men, including Fernand Boulard. Its success, which is based on cooperation between the academic world and the ecclesial world, is nonetheless fragile. The author analyzes the reasons for its loss of legitimacy in the academic world (in the mid-1950s) and then in the Catholic world (in the mid-1960s), while questioning a possible posterity.