Documents found
-
251.More information
More than six months have passed since the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig blew up, last April 20, killing 11 workers, spewing immeasurable quantities of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, having huge impact on the renowned ecological shoreline and wildlife along the Gulf Coast. The spill also severely endangered economic sectors, such as touristic, recreational, commercial fishing and economic benefits from coastal wetlands.The author reviews the causes and responsabilities behind that catastrophic accident, as well as the insurance coverages subscribed by BP and the partners in relation with this pollution. The ultimate extent of damage and insurance industry losses from the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is still unknown, but it seems, according to some industry environmental coverage experts, that insurers should leverage the event to create new pollution coverages.
-
253.More information
Turing the fast few years some new techniques for the study of wild populations of salmonids have been developed. The following procedures are intended to provide.1) an improved method for determining age by scale-reading, particularly with migratory salmonids (Atlantic salmon and sea trout). A standard zone for removing scales, the presence of three different zones on each scale (river, run-out, sea) and some criteria for scale interpretation have all been defined. These criteria are mainly concerned with the structure of the scale during the sea-life stage and reproduction. On the other hand, a spawning mark has been determined for both sedentary and migratory salmonids.2) an means of sex determination. Two techniques have been proposed :- the first one is based on the detection by immunoagglutination of the serum vitellogenin of females in active gametogenesis. This method concerns females only; it does not allow a distinction to he made between non spermating males and immature salmonids. It is a very reliable technique which can be used in field conditions, but only by experienced researchers;- the second technique is based on the sexual dimorphism of the relative length of the upper jaw bone. It is very reliable (8 % to 12 % error) and can also be applied in field conditions, but only for large fish (fork length > 40-45 cm).3) a way of estimating Atlantic salmon smolt production. This technique is based on :- the estimation of a 0+ and 1+ salmon population in the whole river from data of density obtained in sectors representative of the different types of habitat ;- the presence of growth bimodality in a 0+ salmon population in autumn, given the following hypothesis : one yearold smolts belong to the upper mode ;- the estimation of mortality for the whole winter season.This technique has been used in the River Oir and compared with a smolt-trapping experiment conducted for two years. A comparison of the results shows that :- the one year-old smolts belong to the upper mode of bimodality;- when based on data on habitat characteristics, this technique can be used in field conditions to evaluate the smolts with sufficient accuracy.All three techniques are immediately available as useful methods for fisheries management. At a second stage, they can also serve in ecological research to advance knowledge on which to base further study and improved management of wild salmonid populations.
Keywords: Salmonids, wild populations, management, France
-
255.More information
Language policies should be designed for speakers, not languages. To this end, trust in speakers and of speakers of indigenous languages could be a guiding principle in the definition of translation policies on at least three points: the right to use one's “heart language” requires constant information on multilingualism for speakers, and also for non-speakers, of the indigenous languages of a given territory; translation and self-translation, terminography and interpreting are likely to support the choice to live in this language; training, resources and linguistic tools are required to enable the exercise of these activities. For this type of translation policy, the Breton case studied here suggests exploring the paths of descriptive rather than prescriptive terminology, dialectology, science and collaborative productions
Keywords: politique de traduction, translation policy, language policy, politique linguistique, langue bretonne, Breton language, multiliguisme, multilingualism, speakers, locuteurs
-
256.More information
In 2015, France recognized hematological malignancies, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), as an occupational disease resulting from pesticide exposure. The IARC of the WHO then declared glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides to be genotoxic and probably carcinogenic. In the United States, 125,000 American victims of NHL attributed to Bayer-Monsanto's Roundup have filed lawsuits against the company, while 2.5 million pages of declassified internal documents, the Monsanto Papers, illustrated the incredible manipulations to conceal Roundup’s dangers and to subvert the evaluation and regulatory systems. After three costly convictions, Bayer-Monsanto signed a partial out-of-court settlement of $11 billion and withdrew Roundup from the U.S. domestic market. The structural increase in pesticides, from 2.3 to 4.1 million tons from 1990 to 2018, contributing to the 385 million cases per year of serious and unintentional poisoning, and their threatening impacts on the climate, biodiversity and planetary limits, require going beyond the compensation of certain diseases to highlight the responsibilities of producing firms, regulatory bodies and public authorities : This is the core of this article focused on glyphosate-based herbicides (HBC), the first pesticides in the world, in Canada and Quebec and their links with certain cancers, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).
Keywords: Herbicides à base de glyphosate, Glyphosate-based herbicides, santé, health, travail, labor, politiques publiques, and public policy
-
257.
-
258.More information
The author examines the major recorded oil spills into international and nationalseas, some of them occurring in Canada, caused by supertankers: the TorreyCanyon, the Arrow, the Amoco Cadiz, the Gino, the Aegean Captain and theAtlantic Express, the Odyssey, the Exxon Valdez, the Braer, the Maersk Navigator,the Erika, the Prestige and the Ixtoc 1 (oil well).But, there are a lot more accidents, since those black tides began, in 1960. Eachyear, since the seventies, we could count around half-dozen of such oil spills disasters.Annex A provides a table listing all oil spill accidents from tankers since1975 involving more than 20 000 tonnes of oil. Annex B provides the chronologicallist of all accidents since 1960.Following the recent verdict in the Total SA affair (the Erika charterer), announcedby the Paris Criminal Court on January 16, 2008, after several years of trial, theauthor takes this opportunity of studying oil spill accidents and causes, someresearch programs, ecological and economical impacts, legal aspects, insuranceand indemnification, all in order to learn some lessons from such perils of sea.
Keywords: Hydrocarbures, pollution par les pétroliers, pollution maritime, OMI, conventions internationales, FIPOL (fonds d'indemnisation), Petroleum, oil pollution from tankers, marine pollution, IMO, internationalconventions, FIPOL (compensation funds)
-
-