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Ce mémoire a pour but de démontrer l'impact des actions des corsaires et des pirates sur le déclin d'un empire. L'ouvrage démontre qu'au XVIIe siècle, les flibustiers, supportés par la France, occupèrent et développèrent une région des Antilles (les îles de la Tortue et de Saint-Domingue) causant ainsi le déclin territorial de l'Empire espagnol d'Amérique. De plus, les flibustiers pratiquèrent la flibuste pour s'approprier les possessions maritimes et terrestres des Espagnols en Amérique, ce qui eut des répercutions désastreuses sur l'économie espagnole causant ainsi un déclin économique important au sein de l'Empire espagnol d'Amérique. Par le déclin territorial et par le déclin économique, un déclin politique fut engendré dans cet empire. Je mets en lien la géographie-politique et l'histoire car j'utilise une démarche historique, une …

Chinese residents have grown to be one of the most prosperous migrant groups in Italy since their mass migration from China in the 1980s. Alongside their rapid upward economic mobility, parents and children within the same families have shown generational differences in their understandings of the good life. While older generations believed that the good life means economic mobility, which is achieved through their labour and migration, younger generations' definition of the good life, rooted in their negative experiences of racialization, is associated with social recognition. Such generational differences stem from the shifting tensions between the contested racial and national orders in association with Italy's economic stagnation and China's global ascendancy. Yet, both generations of these desiring subjects have manifested their own conceptions of cosmopolitan Chinese-ness to survive precarity and to aspire to a better life both economically and socially. Their family stories thus contribute to anthropological debates on how people envision their futures between hope and precarity, expectation and uncertainty, and privilege and disadvantages amid racialized class terrains, generational tensions, and geopolitical transformation of the world order.

Keywords: migration, racialization, hope, cosmopolitanism, Chinese diaspora, Italy, migration, racialisation, espoir, cosmopolitisme, diaspora chinoise, Italie

Where does the law come from requiring that Aboriginal people be defined by blood, while all Canadians are legally defined by soil ? “Pagans” and “Savages” were they not called upon to disappear without this happening ? Has Indian identity not been diluted by adoption and especially by intermarriage with the“Whites” ? Yet haven't indigenous societies always included foreigners (captives, slaves, members of other ethnic groups, Europeans) ? Has the decline of tradition and the appropriation of modernity led to a dilution of identity ? We are dealing here with the French Regime. The second part will concern later centuries.

Keywords: Nouvelle-France, Canada, Autochtone, droit, citoyenneté, appartenance, famille, Nouvelle-France, Canada, Natives, law, citizenship, belonging, family

Arms deliveries to the Russian and Ukrainian warring parties not only raise issues of political and geopolitical expediency, and economic sustainability; on the legal level too, their legality is in question, because the supply of armaments to States, moreover, in a situation of armed conflict, is in the first place dependent on the respect of various international obligations which essentially constitute respect for International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL), but also to the security risks that they can generate. This is why we explore in this article the problems of compliance with their international obligations – stemming from the Arms Trade Treaty, the United Nations Charter, European law and general international law – of arms deliveries provided by many states in both parties. It should be noted that this analysis only takes into account the state of the law and the facts relating to arms deliveries to belligerent parties at the time of writing, in the knowledge that these may subsequently change.

The planning for Tursujuq National Park (Nunavik) was initiated by the Quebec government in 1992, but local Eeyou and Inuit communities were not directly involved until 2006. At that time, a relatively elaborate development plan had already been determined for the area. The study of public consultations reveals a feeling of powerlessness in the face of these projects, approved in advance by the government despite the creation of a local harmonization committee involving community members. This was the case with the Nastapoka River, designated for hydroelectric development as early as 2002, and apparently indisputably excluded from the park's boundaries despite the population's unanimous demands for its conservation. This article first aims to better understand the feeling of powerlessness experienced by local populations due to the perceived ineffectiveness of democratic processes and public consultations, as well as to the colonial position of the Quebec government in relation to Indigenous Peoples, a position reinforced by the symbolic role of hydroelectricity in the definition of a national identity. The second part of the paper analyzes discourses related to the Nastapoka River in order to understand how landscape storytelling can allow Indigenous populations to (re)take control of a landscapes' history and symbolic meaning, and thus to influence its management.

Keywords: parcs Nunavik, Plan Nord, Patrimoine, Hydroélectricité, Parcs nationaux

The play La trahison, whose initial dramatic production as a radio play dates to 1982, was published for the first time in 1988. In testament to the success of this play by the Fransaskois author and historian Laurier Gareau, it has twice been re-edited with the addition of an English translation, The Betrayal, in 2004 and 2018. The play presents two characters: the aged Métis Gabriel Dumont and Father Julien Moulin, the priest of Batoche. Gareau proposes a long dialogue taking place in 1905 in which Dumont expresses his desire to “bury the hatchet” (Labreque), because he is aging and would like the Church to accept his burial in the Catholic cemetery. Gareau chose to realistically represent the linguistic and cultural specificity of his Métis protagonist. Thus, in viscerally, strongly accented form of language that bears little resemblance to the standard French of Father Moulin, Dumont accuses the priest of having betrayed the Métis in aiding their English enemy during the Battle of Batoche. With his terms linguistic habitus and bodily hexis in Langage et pouvoir symbolique, Pierre Bourdieu provides key concepts for understanding how exchanges and social relations function while language constitutes the principal zone of contact and conflict.

This article, which examines the emergence of the diaspora option in Cameroon, contributes to a growing body of critical analysis on migration and development, and in particular on diasporas and their potential for development. By mobilizing the notion of “magic concept” as its main focus, this work shows how public administration literature enriches and completes the critique of the diaspora option. This analysis, based on a survey of some fifteen civil servants, experts and professionals, demonstrates that in a context where the challenges and constraints to be overcome in order to make effective use of the diaspora's potential are numerous and not fully addressed by the public authorities, the diaspora option can be perceived as a magic concept or a totem promoted by the State and international organizations.

Keywords: Option diaspora, concept magique, totem, discours, rhétorique, Diaspora option, magic concept, totem, discourse, rhetoric

The wording, rationale and genesis of Article 4(h) of the Constitutive Act of the African Union (AU) strongly suggests that the founders of this regional organization did not intend to challenge the collective security system of the Charter of the United Nations. The text, making no mention of a possible authorization by the Security Council, simply conferred on the AU internal legal competence, necessary for intervention on the territory of its Member States in the event of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. This interpretation is consistent with the regional security system established by the Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council, the common defense system established by the Non-Aggression and Common Defense Pact and the practice of the African Union and its Member States which have never claimed a regional exception to the right of the Charter of the United Nations.

Keywords: Union africaine, Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies, Sécurité collective, article 4(h) de l’Acte constitutif de l’Union africaine, African Union, Security Council of United nations, collective security, article 4(h) of the Constitutive Act of the African Union

Based on three focus groups featuring abolitionist activists operating in the city of Ottawa, this article draws on carceral geography to analyze modalities of protest and resistance against the daily imbrication of the carceral into the (public and private) living spaces of marginalized and vulnerable populations. The analysis reveals three types of sites, which are differently occupied, used and experienced, both by activists and the marginalized and vulnerable populations many of these activists are a member of. We demonstrate that by investing in sites of governance (to transform the city through disturbing speech), of protest (to fight against surveillance and carceral practices through mutual aid and by making differences visible), and of everyday life (to abolish the exclusionary practices that underpin the carceral, and instead promote supportive communities where people feel safe), participants reinvent the city of Ottawa to make room for differences. This article sheds light on the deeply political nature of everyday life in public and private spaces. In a context where nonconformity is suspect, policed and hindered, living differently is a way of generating the possible.

Keywords: Droit à la ville, droit à la différence, géographie carcérale, Right to the city, right to difference, carceral geography, Derecho a la ciudad, derecho a la diferencia, geografía carcelaria