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Historical data allows to raise the problem of natural hazard consideration in territorial management in an original way. The cultural and historical context of the production of old documents about natural disasters must be interpreted to clarify the qualitative evolutions of what is not yet called the vulnerability. Reduce the historical diversity of disaster victims aids procedures to a « compensation » may be educational but illustrates an « épistémisation » process (Chouquer, 2008) : aids procedures can easily be reduced to its financial side, as it is usually the most important today. But it was not the same during the XVIIIth century in France. The historical overwhelmingly implicit context, within which these aids are organized must be specified and constructed. The geohistorical approach of risk is not only interesting in itself to detect stereotypes and anachronisms, but also allows to re-question the contemporary practices of hazard management. To make allowance for the diversity of facts and representations allows then to wonder about the positive and creative side of hazard and disaster. This ambivalence of risk and disaster is often claimed by the victims as the creator of social cohesion through an empirical and global management. While wanting to restore a positive side of the vulnerabilities, the resilience notion may prevent the integration of this creative side by contributing to strengthen the modern framework thinking established on division and high specialization ?

Keywords: risque naturel, catastrophe, inondation méditerranéenne, vulnérabilité historique, indemnisation, perception, représentation, natural hazard, disaster, Mediterranean flood, historical vulnerability, compensation, perception, representation

The implementation of an adaptation strategy, particularly in the actual context of global warming, is associated with changes in behavior, mentalities and practices. Taking perceptions into account contributes to the social acceptability of the proposed strategies. This study focuses on an analysis of farmers' perceptions towards climate change in the Beqaa plain, a major agricultural region in Lebanon. The aim is to understand the way in which farmers perceive this phenomenon, locally observe its perceptible effects on the agrarian landscape, and plan possible mitigation measures. This analysis was carried out from a survey administered to 220 farmers chosen at a random, sampling method, in 48 localities spread over the entire plain. The results obtained show us a good perception of farmers towards the phenomenon of climate change. They are consistent with climatic trends as observed from the analysis of weather stations. One exception however, the annual rainfall remains difficult to perceive by farmers. To cope with these climatic changes, the majority of farmers are developing local adaptation strategies, water management and control being priorities.

Keywords: changement climatique, agriculteur, perception, stratégies locales d'adaptation, Liban, plaine de la Beqaa, climate change, farmer, perception, local adaptation strategies, Lebanon, Beqaa plain

The creation of independant States as a result of the break-up of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia has fostered the elaboration, the reaffirmation and the modification of certain principles of International Law with respect to the determination of the frontiers of a new State.

AbstractIn this paper, the authors recast the contributions of two poststructuralist theorists of International Relations, Michael Dillon and Julian Reid, to the critique of global liberal governance. Thus, they locate these contributions in the context of the liberal moment of the last decade of the 20th century. Questioning Dillon and Reid's problématique evolving around theories of biopower, war and strategy, the authors expose this project's tensions by focusing on its critique of liberal categories, on the ambiguities inherent to a so-called complex epistemology, and finally on the functionalism of their model. In conclusion, they present the sketch of an alternative conceptualisation which aims at overcoming these theoretical limits.

The aim of this article is to draw lessons from the results of the general elections of September 11, 2022, with the short victory of a conservative majority enjoying the passive support of the Swedish Democrats. The article analyzes the themes of the election campaign and puts the result into perspective based on the events of recent years and the geopolitical situation in Sweden. Since 2010, this party has been winning steadily and seems to have a solid electoral base to establish its influence.

Keywords: Suède, Modèle suédois, Consensus, Accord de Tidö, Gouvernement minoritaire, Polarisation, Sweden, Swedish model, Consensus, Tidö agreement, Minority government, Polarization

After the paradigm of bipolarity and state control, the cooperation on development entered in a new area since the end of the cold war and the failures of structural adjustment programs in the South. The new model is the paradigm of multi-polarity and the expansion of market mechanisms. Thus, this article presents the big evolutions of the aid development policy, the results of the new paradigm and the stakes for partners' countries. The conclusion is that the NPCD must consider partners countries as autonomous historic entities.

Entering the 21st century, the question facing mankind is whether we will be able to find, agree upon and activate solutions adequate to resolve world problems which have plagued the 20th century and which increasingly threaten the 21 st. The central argument presented here is that it is only by taking concrete steps at the world level that we can hope to reduce or eliminate the threat to survival which these problems represent.In order to provide a framework from which prospects for the future of the world organization can be analysed, the "world order" perspective is compared with a more traditional perspective. The challenges that world problems and crises pose for the world organization are examined. Using the fundamental changes undergone by both the League of Nations and the United Nations as an historical basis for scrutinizing the future, the changes that increasingly complex problems may force on the world organization are explored. Changes such as a "reinforced United Nations" (without delegation of sovereignty), a "World Authority" (with partial delegation of sovereignty) or a "World Government" (with major delegation of sovereignty) are evaluated in terms of the world organization' s ability to handle potential world crises and problems.The conclusion establishes that there is a pressing need for immediate political action which would aim towards a coalition of all groups researching solutions to world problems and would be based on the "world order" ideology of the majority rather than the "world-oriented" ideology of a self-interested minority.