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AbstractThe liberal international agenda promoted by the European Union is in crisis. Despite some progress, the still very young security and defence policies put in place by the European Union has failed to reach its objectives. Europe has a problem of strategic mindset, commitment and capabilities, all of which led to the implementation of an obsolete type of humanitarian interventions and operations. More broadly, ESDP suffers from recurrent illusions about soft power, mistaken beliefs about human security and flawed assessments of risks. The gap is dangerously wide between the political conditions that made ESDP operations possible and the strategic requirements that will make them successful. The credibility of the Union as a strategic actor is at stake.

Keywords: politique étrangère européenne, sécurité européenne, esdp, eu foreign policy, European security, esdp, liberal internationalism

Canada has supported each of nato's major initiatives since its inception. The current transformation of the Alliance, including the reintegration of France into its integrated military command structures, will have an undeniable impact on the future of Canada's international security policy. To assess this impact, the article first highlights the convergence of France's and Canada's Atlanticist policies, which its labels inclusive institutional balancing strategies. Faced with the dilemma of a global and expeditionary nato or a defensive alliance and European pillar, the article concludes that Canada can overcome the alleged dichotomy of its choice by putting forward a policy of national and regional ownership of conflict resolution processes.

Keywords: politique étrangère du Canada, politique étrangère de la France, otan, Canadian foreign policy, French foreign policy, nato

This article offers an analysis of the humanitarian space. This working area, which has significantly changed over the past decades, entails to take into account the future of the humanitarian actor within the new international context. The main challenges are the organisational spectrum which shapes this actor and dilutes the humanitarian rhetoric and principles and the politisation of the humanitarian space. In fact, the reticence of the humanitarian actor to evolve in harmonization with the new international reality required to reconsider his role and existence in conflict area.

Keywords: espace humanitaire, organisations humanitaires, responsabilité de protéger, humanitarian space, humanitarian organizations, responsibility to protect

This study describes the international intervention within states as ritualized in the context of the rise of democracy as a matter of global concern. The formation of an international benchmark for the democratic management of the state in Africa constrains « entrepreneurs of intervention » as well as the as « importers » of institutional models in this continent. The implementation of international policy instruments to promote democracy opens the possibility to observe realistic logic at work in the various forms of intervention. It also allows perceiving interventionism and reception of « institutional models » in Africa as « interaction rituals » in the sense that Goffman sees it.

Keywords: ingérence démocratique, transferts institutionnels, ordre planétaire, gouvernance, democratic intervention, institutional transfers, world order, governance, injerencia democrática, transferencia institucional, orden planetario de gobernanza

AbstractWhile the issue of establishing a missile defence capability in the Euro-Atlantic area was excluded from eu security debates, and left to bidding contests between Washington and some European capitals, it was nevertheless endorsed at the nato Lisbon Summit in November 2010. This course of action might come as a surprise in the light of the few cases of missile defence operational implementation in the United States. It might also raise questions about the technology architecture and the command. This article however provides an approach of missile defence as a technique of governance through the instruments, launched by the United States in the perspective of building technical alliances on the global scale.

Keywords: antimissile, Otan, États-Unis, Union européenne, technologie militaire, sociologie des techniques, alliances, nato, ballistic missile defense, United States, European Union, military technology, social construction of technology, alliances, antimisiles, OTAN, Estados Unidos, Unión Europea, tecnología militar, sociología de la técnicas, alianzas

AbstractThis article contributes to the current debate on military innovation in the US context. It builds on the theorical work of key scholars in military innovation research, namely Barry Posen, Steve Rosen, Harvey Sapolsky and Theo Farrell. More specifically, we look at the way the United States Armed Forces reacted to the Revolution in Military Affairs in the 1990s and we assess the technical, doctrinal and organisational changes in the US military during the two decades following the Cold War. Our analysis examines the evolution of RMA-inspired reforms and the numerous impediments to these initiatives at the political or service level.

Keywords: études stratégiques, politique de défense des États-Unis, innovation militaire, strategic studies, United States' Defense Policy, military innovation, estudios estratégicos, política de defensa de los Estados Unidos, innovación militar

During the 1970's and at the dawn of the 80's, the intervention of the Federal Government of Canada in the country's economic sector became more pronounced, thus following a Worldwide trend in that aspect. It is specially marked in the sector of energy where it supports the Canadianization objectives which run counter to foreign interests and investments, first and foremost american. This article gives an idea of the world context in which lies the choice for energy policies. It goes on to de scribe the evolution of these policies which firmly hinge on the North-South continental context. The objectives outlined in the National Energy Program cannot allow to ignore this essential variable, specially in the determination of means and measures to be used to further economic nationalism. Such are the pressures brought about, at the highest level, by the american administration under the presidency of Ronald Reagan.

On July 29 1987, after 20 years of sustained inter-communal conflict and under great political pressure and war weariness, leaders of the government of Sri Lanka signed an Accord with the Indian government which hady at Sri Lanka s request, intervened in Sri Lanka's military and political conflict. The Accord aimed at the cessation of the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. Indian involvement in Sri Lanka's domestic affairs signalled a decisional shift among Sri Lanka's leaders from a policy of resolving the conflict by military means to one of seeking political accommodation with the Tamil separatists. However, the presence of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) and previous attempts by the Indian government to air drop supplies to Tamil rebels signalled the beginning of international crisis between India and Sri Lanka. This paper traces the events and decisional flow of Sri Lanka s elites from the pre-crisis period ofl983 to crisis abatement in 1990 in an attempt to understand the events and patterns of behaviour that led to an international crisis between Sri Lanka and India and more generally to elucidate the relationship between domestic ethnic conflict and international crisis. This paper argues that Sri Lanka entered into an international crisis precisely because of internal threats to its political integrity engendered by its domestic ethnic conflict. First, the theoretical literature is explored, allowing for a fuller exploration of the linkages between international crisis and ethnic conflict. Second, the perceptions of Sri Lanka's decision-maker s in response to increasing Indian involvement during the pre-crisis and crisis period are assessed. Third an analysis of SriLankan decision-making process is weighed against patterns of coping found in the theoretical literature. Fourth and finally, implications for further research are explored, specifically the role that ethnic conflicts play in triggering international crises and the implications that has for the management of ethnic conflicts by regional hegemons.