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Cultural and creative entrepreneurship is seen as an important driver of economic growth by political powers. Nevertheless, despite the recognition of the usefulness of this kind of entrepreneurship, quantifiable data on its impact are rare or non-existent in developing countries. This paper reviews what is known in the literature and presents the results of a qualitative study on the characteristics, representation of creative and cultural entrepreneurship in a developing country like Mali and its impact in the global economy of the country. Results show that creative and cultural entrepreneurship is main important in Malian society (attachment to traditions and valorization of culture) with a sociological dimension and representations of identity. This entrepreneurship is characterized by entrepreneurship by necessity but also by the will to promote knowledge, know-how and traditional culture of Mali and Africa. The results highlight its impact particularly on job creation, in fight against poverty and on social and societal development through the survival of families and people who depend on it.

Keywords: Entrepreneuriat culturel et créatif, Entrepreneur, Mali, Pays en voie de développement, Caractéristique et impact économique, Cultural and creative entrepreneurship, Entrepreneur, Mali, Developing countries, Characteristic and economic impact, Emprendimiento cultural y creativo, Emprendedor, Malí, Países en desarrollo, Impacto característico y económico

The saturation of traditional markets and the opening-up of economies push SMEs to internationalize. Even if they suffer from resources scarcity, more and more SMEs are investing abroad, calling for a reinvestigation of their expansion strategies. This article relies on the analysis of five independent manufacturing SMEs having (at least) one subsidiary abroad. It aims at understanding the main motivations pushing SMEs to implement gateway strategies in order to penetrate foreign markets. The decision to invest in a gateway country is following a defensive or offensive logic resulting from the interaction of external and internal factors. It appears that gateway strategies act as a tool to facilitate the entry to emerging market, reducing at the same time SMEs' exposure to local risks.

Keywords: Internationalisation, Risques, PME, Stratégies tête-de-pont, Internationalization, Risks, SMEs, Gateway strategies, Internacionalización, Peligros, PyME, Estrategias cabeza-de-ponte

Recent conferences and publications have stirred up and breathed new vigour into the historiography of Irish Quebec. New research is concentrated along two principal lines: comparing Quebec and Ireland and examining the intranational relations that have occurred since the 1820s between French Canadians and the Irish in Quebec. The Irish Quebec academic community is in the process of touching up Irish-Canadian revisionism, which has been well established in English Canadian academia since the 1980s, and is also correcting certain lacunae in Quebec's historiography. The first half of this article will trace the evolution of the historiography of Irish Quebec, especially in relation to the rest of Canada. The second half, which will place greater emphasis on political issues, will cast light on the potential of this growing academic field.

The history of Latin America has been a source of inspiration for many French-Canadian authors. The representation of its socio-political and cultural history, and of the resistance of many Latin-American governments to American and British imperialism was well received in French Canada. This representation, which articulates a sort of connected history of the Latin peoples of the Americas, has favoured the emergence of a feeling of solidarity regarding anti-imperialist Latin-American struggles well before the Quiet Revolution. This article shows how authors like Henri Bourassa, Antonio Dragon, Dostaler O'Leary and Lionel Groulx represented the history of Latin America, inviting their readers to learn more about the struggles of this region of the world against the economic domination of the great financial powers.

Rector of the Institut catholique de Paris and a member of the Académie française, Msgr. Alfred Baudrillart made an official visit to Canada in 1927 on the occasion of the second congress of the Société du parler français. Published between 1994 and 2003, the rector's posthumous Carnets are an interesting source for scholars of intellectual history. They cast light on several of the transatlantic intellectual networks that were activated during his visit. Msgr. Baudrillart was warmly welcomed by Quebec officialdom, as well as by its intellectual elite. The networks that prepared his visit linked the Institut catholique de Paris, which was well known in Quebec, the Institut scientifique franco-canadien, the Comité France-Amérique, as well as the Action française of Montreal, through Jean Bruchési, the Académie française, and the Société du parler français. Overjoyed by French Canada, a nation at once modem and Catholic, Msgr. Baudrillart hoped to see the eventual birth of an independent French state in North America along the lines of the Action française's inquiry into "Notre avenir politique." The rectors writing invites scholars to view pre-Second World War Quebec more as a conservative variation of modernity than as an islet isolated from the great currents of modernity.

During the 19th century, the elites of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu underwent profound change. The Anglo-Protestant merchants who occupied the positions of power at the beginning of the century had been replaced by French Catholic jurists and merchants by 1900. This change reflected not only the renewal of elites, but also shifts in social and cultural capital. While the French Canadians who settled in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu around 1800 sought to integrate into the local Anglo-Protestant bourgeoisie, through marriage or simply by speaking English in their daily lives, by mid-century power relations had begun to reverse. Families that had become progressively Anglicised began to attend French Canadian institutions and a growing number of Anglophones integrated into French Canadian networks. The case of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu thus brings nuance to the idea that a Francophone elite replaced a pre-existing Anglophone elite as a result of a French Canadian “reconquest” and shows instead that elites adapted to economic change by altering their networks and cultural practices.

This article explores the events and meetings that took place during the post-war era between the students from the University of Montreal and their American counterparts. Organized by the International Relations Clubs of various universities in North America, these events confronted the students with different cultures, languages, and perspectives on the world's affairs. The “American moment” of the University of Montreal's students inspired them original articulations of matters like the role of youth, the particular French Canada's experience of time, and the university's mission in the society and the world. I argue that the critical approach developed by the students to actualize national myths and narratives on Quebec identity was shaped by social interactions in American cities and with American students. By travelling and exchanging, they thought anew the relations between their Europe heritage and their “americanity” and, by doing so, they boldly opened up the horizon of expectations of French Canada.

We describe and interpret the public debate about a law (la loi Macron) passed in 2015. It is dealing with political economy, and its goal is to transformsand simplify the business envionrment. The debates provide an occasion to analyse some of the main stakeholders' rhetorics, and compare it with other, non-argumentative strategies and modes of action in the public and private spheres. In the tradition of Albert O. Hirschman, we investigate the choice of « exit, voice or loyalty » as it is staged in the French media. More specifically, we look at the representative system and the influence of rhetorics and other tacticts on actors' control of the field, in the context of strategic decision-making about market transactions and economics.

Keywords: prise de parole, rhétorique, représentation, délibération, démocratie, voice, rhetorics, representation, deliberation, democracy, toma de palabra, retórica, representación, deliberación, democracia

This article aims to examine the language ideologies underlying and guiding the treatment of immigration in the Acadian press in recent years (2000-2014). While immigration is currently channeling political tensions and exacerbating national conflicts in many Western societies, it enjoys favorable media coverage in Acadian New Brunswick. However, only “Francophone” immigration is considered desirable and beneficial, which implies a form of regulation of communities and population around French. The Acadian press relays a mainly militant discourse on immigration, one that makes it a cause to defend for the common good. I will argue that Francophone immigration has good press because it is framed and designed to serve a nationalist ideology of language: to speak French presupposes an allegiance to Acadian communities and a commitment to the future of these communities.