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Article 4(h) of the Constitutive Act of the African Union of July 11, 2000, as amended by the Protocol of February 3, 2003, provides for the right of the Union to intervene in a Member State in certain serious circumstances, namely: war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity as well as a serious threat to legitimate order as a way to restore peace and stability in the Member State of the Union. This provision constitutes a novelty in that it establishes the intervention of the organization to stop or avoid the perpetration of international crimes in a Member State that is incapable or unwilling to prevent them. As a result, it breaks with Article 13 of the Charter of the Organization of African Unity of 1963 where the principles of sovereign equality of all Member States and non-interference in the internal affairs of States were enshrined, without any exception. However, isn't this beautiful African recipe a poisoned gift? The aim of this article is to subject the African Union's right of intervention to an uncompromising analysis in order to better understand its different facets.

Diverses approches de gestion de l'eau ont été conçues depuis les années 80 ayant pour objectif la préservation des ressources hydriques. Toutefois, il est généralement consenti parmi les scientifiques que la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau, la gestion adaptative et le système de commandement échouent leur implantation à cause des défis politiques, des stratégies mécaniques et techniques qui négligent l'histoire de collaboration, la géopolitique et plusieurs autres composantes sociales qui affectent la volonté des parties prenantes d'adhérer à ces modèles de gestion de l'eau. Dans cette recherche, j'évalue comment les asymétries de pouvoir entre les pays riverains se partageant un bassin versant peuvent être prises en considération pour identifier des politiques favorables à une gouvernance à l'échelle du bassin versant. Je passe en revue …

Le méthane disponible en abondance dans les gaz naturels et les gaz de schiste est une source prometteuse. L'incertitude géopolitique du pétrole brut fait du CH4 un aliment fiable pour les produits pétrochimiques. La conversion directe non oxydante du CH4 en matières premières pétrochimiques comme l'éthylène et les aromatiques, non seulement ne produit pas de gaz à effet de serre, mais aussi du gaz H2. La force de liaison élevée du C-H et la cokéfaction des catalyseurs sont les principaux défis à relever. La plupart des travaux se concentrent sur les zéolithes contenant du molybdène. Ce projet de recherche se concentre sur une nouvelle catégorie de catalyseurs à base de nitrure, en particulier le nitrure de gallium (GaN). L'objectif principal de ce travail était de …

While access to clean drinking water is deemed a fundamental human right, it remains a challenge for the most marginalized communities, who are compelled to navigate through a myriad of socio-economic and environmental pressures. These challenges include trade-offs in resource allocation, disparities in infrastructure, commercialization of water services, degradation of aquatic ecosystems, and the adverse effects of global climate change. Drawing from empirical research conducted in Senegal, this article delves into the intricate interplay between spatial justice and environmental disparities, shedding light on how social factors intertwine with the quality of living conditions and access to water services. The allocation of water resources, both spatially and temporally, is intricately linked to governance mechanisms and the differential treatment of various regions and demographics. The case of the Saint-Louis region in Senegal serves as a poignant example, highlighting historical injustices such as water shortages and pollution that disproportionately affected indigenous communities during the colonial era and continue to impact rural populations today. Despite efforts to address these challenges through reforms in management practices transitioning from community-based initiatives to recent delegation to private entities significant barriers persist. Access to water resources remains constrained by inadequate supply, prohibitive costs associated with centralized water systems, and persistent organizational inefficiencies.

Keywords: injustices spatiales, inégalités environnementales, accès à l’eau potable, époque coloniale, défi politique, Saint-Louis du Sénégal, spatial injustices, environmental inequalities, access to drinking water, colonial era, political challenge, Saint-Louis of Senegal

To ensure that the ecological transition becomes a reality and does not remain at the stage of incantatory discourse, a framework for action must be devised for an effective transformation of society. Sobriety, or sufficiency in English, are some of the conceptual tools that can contribute to this. Defined as an expression of temperance, in opposition to intemperance, or of measure against excess, sufficiency is a virtue of limitation which refers to the foundations of law understood as the set of rules for regulating the behaviors in society. Today, the lexical field of sufficiency is growing in French law and it is important to pay attention to the rise of legislative provisions to curb the immoderation and excesses that are at the root of the ecological crisis. By gathering various texts relating to the objective of prudent and rational use of natural resources and by relying on the injunction for the legislator to change the current trajectory, it would be possible to identify an objective of sufficiency. That is to say, the use of natural resources through the action of parsimonious, temporal and spatial moderation while respecting the principle of ecological solidarity.

Keywords: transition écologique, sobriété, suffisance, ressources naturelles, droit français, droit somptuaire, solidarité écologique, ecological transition, sufficiency, enoughness, natural resources, French law, sumptuous law, ecological solidarity

It is now known and proven that inequalities of all kinds generate serious socio-economic and environmental problems, and that both feed and reinforce each other. We all agree that inequalities must be reduced, and there are many innovative projects with positive impacts in all parts of the world. So why are the results not living up to expectations? Why do inequalities continue to grow, hampering or even preventing, for example, efforts to reduce the impact of climate change? The main problem in solving this equation is the existence of barriers which, trapped at various geographical levels in socio-economic and political systems, prevent the sources of nuisance from being eliminated. In the end, efforts to reduce inequalities, because of these barriers, can only be cosmetic in the face of the scale of the damage; at best, their impact is regional or national. The aim of this article is to help reduce the impact of these barriers by analyzing them on a multiscalar basis. Such an analysis will make it possible to identify the relative position of these locks and the forces that need to be deployed to "unlock" them. To do this, we will use a multiscalar spatiotemporal analysis grid, coupled with the concepts of territory and labour (energy plus information) developed by Raffestin.

Keywords: inégalités, verrou, approche raffestinienne, géographie, analyse territoriale multiscalaire, travail, information, énergie, inequalities, lock, Raffestinian approach, geography, multiscalar territorial analysis, labour, information, energy

This article takes a critical look at the edges of globalization and global governance, where yesterday's advances are now being challenged, reversed and contested from all sides. The outline of a “grey book of globalization” provides a better understanding of the different shades of grey that characterize today's world. We examine the tensions and contradictions of global governance from four angles. Firstly, using a historicist approach, we trace the colonial legacies that underlie the persistence of the North-South divide to this day. Secondly, we highlight the inherent limits of diplomacy and multilateral action, both at the UN and in regional organizations. Thirdly, we assess the transformations arising from the technological changes at the heart of globalization. Finally, we examine the evolution of human rights in a context of generalized fragility.

Keywords: mondialisation, gouvernance mondiale, diplomatie, droit international, Nord-Sud, technologies, droits humains, globalization, global governance, diplomacy, international law, North-South, technology, human rights