Documents found
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3143.More information
This article is a reading of Kossi Efoui's novels as a story of the « deeps ». We first analyze the material irruption of the « deeps » in the stories (mines, rare metals, aquifers and the Atlantic Ocean) and the way in which, through the lust they arouse, their energy and their power can threaten the communities that live on the surface, which are often unaware of the materials buried underground. Then, we demonstrate that, far from leading to the impression of disaster, the thought of the « deeps » leads the writer to a conception of the Atlantic Ocean as a poetic and mythical island-refuge, and of submersion as ultimate appeasement.
Keywords: profonds, océan Atlantique, Golfe de Guinée, Kossi Efoui, érosion côtière, roman, deeps, Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Guinea, Kossi Efoui, coastal erosion, novel
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3144.More information
In a post-Cold War context caracterized by economic interdependence and the revolution in the mass media, an increasing number of states are using a new form of diplomacy which seeks to gently enhance their international influence by promoting their cultural norms and institutionalizing them as principles regulating the international relations. For Turkish officials, Cultural policy has particularly turned out to be a daring yet safe way to benefit from the ethnocultural links that bind Turkey to the six new Turkish-speaking republics stemming from the break-up of the Soviet Union, and to affirm itself as a key power in the Eurasian System. Therefore, a clever and sophisticated cultural policy has been implemented during the last ten years, a policy with its own instruments and means of telecommunications. By studying the organization, various realizations, and performences of Turkish policy, this article seeks to draw the attention on a still ill-knowedform offoreign policy which nevertheless prefigures 21st century diplomacy and which wïll undoubtedly play an important role in international relations.
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3145.More information
In his speech at Murmansk on October 1, 1987, General Secretary Gorbachev presented a programme to radically lower the level of military confrontation in the Arctic and proposed a number of confidence-building measures. The Murmansk initiative followed numerous previous proposals along the same line, going back to the nineteen fifties. The political and military aspects of the initiative are linked to the Soviet concept of international security. There are three main elements to this concept: first, the impossibility, to-day, of insuring a country's security by military means alone; second, security must be mutual between the Soviet Union and the United States and it must be universal in the rest of the world; third, security must be comprehensive and must include the military, political, economic and humanitarian dimensions. Specifically on northern security, it must be noted that the Soviet Union is quite vulnerable in the Arctic, with about half of its total land mass north of the 60th parallel. Also, the Arctic offers the shortest route for ICBMS, SLBMs and strategic bombers. Consequently, international security in the Arctic dictates confidence-building measures. The Murmansk initiative represents a significant contribution to the whole process of confidence-building by proposing, in particular: to limit the number of large exercises by naval and air forces in the Northern seas; to invite observers to such exercises; to include Barents Sea, along with other Northern seas, in a zone of peace; to ban anti-submarine activities in agreed areas of the Northern and Western Atlantic; to include the reduction of military activities in the Arctic on the agenda of the second stage of the Conference on CBM and Disarmement in Europe; to reduce naval activities in international straits; and to pursue the establishment of a Nordic nuclear weapon-free zone for which the Soviet Union would act as guarantor.
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3149.More information
The Prosperity theology as a paradigm has been the subject of much analysis. Often, this abundance involves the mobilization of the notions of absence, lack, insufficiency, waiting, passivity, blockage, miserableness, laziness, especially in studies that have focused on the Churches of Africa or Latin America. Yet, on the ground, behind this concept, there is no evidence, no homogeneity, but a constellation of infinitely diverse meanings and practices, where resurgence and creation are intertwined. However, despite the heterogeneity of representations of what it designates and the realities it implies, its declination in the plural has not flourished in the social sciences. And it is this contrast between the specificity of the ethnographic view and the permanence of an ethnographically disinformed notion that pushes us to rethink it. This article therefore proposes to revisit this concept, in the light of the profound reconfigurations that the Franco-Belgian Protestant landscape and that of postcolonial movements have undergone in recent decades, in order to better understand the different games of appropriation and (re)interpretation at work within this religious movement.
Keywords: Protestantisme, pentecôtisme, théologie de la prospérité, Églises noires, Églises africaines, classes sociales, Protestantism, Pentecostalism, Prosperity Theology, Black Churches, African Churches, Social Classes