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The process of internationalization can sometimes be justified by the search for raw materials in certain geographical areas. Relational, institutional and administrative aspects are often at the heart of the internationalization strategy. The use of “legal intelligence” must thus be integrated into this type of strategy. Nevertheless, how to articulate international development and legal approaches? Can we identify certain logics or regularities? This article intends to answer these different questions by insisting in particular on the evolution of the contexts of international transactions, through the comparative study of two South-South extractive contracts.

Keywords: Stratégie, international, contrat, contrat international, contrat extractif, stratégie d'internationalisation, stratégie juridique, Strategy, international, contract, international contract, extractive contract, internationalization strategy, legal strategy, Estrategia, internacional, contrato, contrato internacional, contrato de la industria extractiva, estrategia de internacionalización, estrategia juridico

In the context of disabilities, the question of access is primarily constituted of individual and collective arrangements required to facilitate the occupation of public spaces. Conversely, a persistent silence is observed when such question is applied to the possible and potential arrangements required to secure the private space of individuals identified as intellectually disabled. Yet, these are also intimate places which contribute to the development, recognition and expression of one's affective identity and sexual citizenship. Inspired by the theoretical work of Erving Goffman and Michel Foucault, an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was conducted with these persons and their caregivers in order to explore this situation. Our preliminary findings suggest that there exists a complex negotiation process between actors, places and moments that promotes the development of these individuals' affective and sexual life. Three modes of configurations appear to coexist and form a complex matrix : dispossession, habitation, and occupation of spaces of socialization and affective expression. We propose to consider this problematic as a geopolitical dynamic integrating exclusionary processes and sexual practices in private spaces, and their projection onto public spaces, thus producing a juxtaposition between these two spheres, public and private, in mixed spaces. Lastly, we will discuss the implications of this reflection with regard to the “question of access” and public policies aimed at reducing the systemic discrimination targeting those identified as having an intellectual disability.

Keywords: Handicap intellectuel, sexualité, Foucault, Goffman, espace vécu, phénoménologie interprétative, Intellectual disability, sexuality, Foucault, Goffman, lived space, interpretive phenomenology

Russia, while showcasing a rhetorical convergence with China in the fields of cyber-sovereignty and cybersecurity, aims at cementing its relationship with China beyond traditional areas of cooperation, undertaking the securitization of cyberspace as well as displaying power shift away from the West. The global level is essential in order to grasp the respective convergences and divergences of China and Russia in relation to the United States, which remain preeminent in cyberspace. Considered both as a domain and an instrument in the service of objectives, cyberspace nevertheless reveals, beyond the narrowness of the bilateral cooperation, a growing asymmetry between the two countries, driven by divergent approaches to the evolution of the international system, and by specific economic factors. This asymmetry, unfavorable to Russia, does not prevent this country from deepening its cyber cooperation with China.

Keywords: Russie, Chine, cyberespace, cybersécurité, diplomatie, gouvernance, Russia, China, cyberspace, cybersecurity, diplomacy, governance

The aim of this paper is to explore the role of translations in a peripheral country. After having analysed geographical journals such as Boletim Geográfico and GEOgraphia, I suggest that translating academic articles became a consistent practice (although unconscious) among Brazilian geographers from the first university courses in the 1930s to present time. This paper studies the translation into Portuguese of the work of French geographer Paul Vidal de la Blache that circulated in Brazil between 1943 to 2020. Translation studies are useful to show how translations can improve our knowledge of human sciences. After reviewing how Vidal de la Blache and other classic authors have been considered by the historiography of geography, I concluded that translations have had a key role in the process of “canonization” (1943–1999) and “decanonization” (1999–2020) of Vidal de la Blache in Brazil.

Keywords: Vidal de la Blache, traduction, canonisation, décanonisation, géographie brésilienne, Vidal de la Blache, translation, canonization, decanonization, Brazilian geographers, Vidal de la Blache, traducción, canonización, descanonización, geógrafos brasileños

AbstractAssuming that labor is the first manpower's output, this paper presents a partial equilibrium model of simultaneous equations for which welfare (principally health, education and nutrition) contributes to economic growth by improving the quality of labourer's workforce. Results of this model's estimations using cross-sections of time series data from developing countries seem to agree with the hypothesis that some welfare variables contribute directly to the increase in production. The opposition between productive investments and the satisfaction of basic needs so often used in the literature of under-development appears then as constraints set a priori on models rather than an observation of realities.

AbstractMost research about China's energy policy rely on a rational conception of political actors thus portraying China either under the guise of a rational unitary actor on the scene of energy geopolitics or as a battleground among administrative units protecting their bureaucratic turf. This article wants to shed a different light on China's energy policy. It postulates that three different political frames — strategic, market, and “scientific development” — can be found within China's energy policy community. These frames provide the cognitive foundations for problem definition and policy formulation. The measures forming the country's energy policy are thus the result of debates between advocates of each frame and synthesis between them. Yet, some structural factors (economic culture, political institutions, and administrative procedures to name a few) impose a selection among those frames or limit their conversion into concrete policies.

AbstractThis contribution attemps to understand the Francophonie in Southern Mediterranean countries. This work focuses on the political aspects of thèse countries in addition to their linguistic and socio-cultural traditions insofar as they act as important operating factors. In this respect, history cannot be ignored as illustrated by the "Oriental Question" and the colonial period of the 19th and 20th centuries. First, the political complexity of the Francophonie is analysed. Second, we présent the different experiences between some countries of the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), of the Near East (Lebanon, Egypt, Syria), and within thèse régions, of those that do or do not participate in the process. Finally, we reflect on the psychological, sociological, and linguistic aspects which shape a truly meaningful cultural exchange between the Northern and Southern countries.

Keywords: tourisme littéraire, tourisme mémoriel, patrimoine, Algérie, Albert Camus